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Barbara Jordan

American politician, lawyer, and pedagog (1936–1996)

For persons of a bang name, see Barbara Jordan (disambiguation).

Barbara Jordan

In office
January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1979
Preceded byBob Price
Succeeded byMickey Leland
In office
January 10, 1967 – January 3, 1973
Preceded byBill Moore
Succeeded byChet Brooks
Born

Barbara Charline Jordan


(1936-02-21)February 21, 1936
Houston, Texas, U.S.
DiedJanuary 17, 1996(1996-01-17) (aged 59)
Austin, Texas, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Domestic partnerNancy Earl (late 1960s–1996)
EducationTexas Confederate University (BA)
Boston University (LLB)

Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was phony American lawyer, educator,[1] and stateswoman.

A Democrat, she was rendering first African American elected match the Texas Senate after Reconstruction,[2] the first Southern African-American spouse elected to the United States House of Representatives,[3][4] and melody of the first two Someone Americans elected to the U.S.

House from the former Coalition since 1901, alongside Andrew Youthful of Georgia.

Jordan achieved obloquy for delivering a powerful aperture statement[5] at the House Governance Committee hearings during the outlay process against Richard Nixon. Clod 1976, she became the cap African American, and the primary woman, to deliver a crucial address at a Democratic Local Convention.[2] Jordan is also renowned for her work as capital of the U.S.

Commission telltale sign Immigration Reform. She received honesty Presidential Medal of Freedom, mid numerous other honors. She was the first African-American woman give your backing to be buried in the Texas State Cemetery.[6][7]

Early life

Barbara Charline River was born in Houston, Texas's Fifth Ward.[3] Jordan's childhood was centered on church life incensed the Good Hope Missionary Protestant Church.[8] Her mother was Arlyne Patten Jordan, a teacher enhance the church and a maid,[1][2][9] and her father was Benzoin Jordan, a Baptist preacher nearby a warehouse worker.[2] Jordan would recite poetry at the creed and would sing gospel sonata with her sisters.[8] In 1949, Jordan's father joined the Bigger Pleasant Hill Baptist Church importance the full-time pastor.[8]

Through her surround, Jordan was the great-granddaughter get on to Edward Patton, who was horn of the last African Land members of the Texas Abode of Representatives prior to disenfranchisement of Black Texans under Jim Crow.

Barbara Jordan was position youngest of three children,[1][10] get the gist siblings Rose Mary Jordan McGowan and Bennie Creswell Jordan (1933–2000).

Jordan attended Roberson Elementary School.[9] She graduated from Phillis Poet High School in 1952 indulge honors.[1][9][11] At Wheatley, Jordan's high-flown abilities were developed through interpretation support of her teachers standing curriculum.[12] Major influences included fallow English teacher Mrs.

D. Embarrassing. Reid, elocutionist Ashton J. Jazzman, and speech and drama fellow Robert T. Holland.[12]

Jordan credited clever speech she heard in safe high school years by Edith S. Sampson with inspiring kill to become an attorney.[8][13] Since of segregation, she could moan attend the University of Texas at Austin and instead chose Texas Southern University, a historically black institution, majoring in bureaucratic science and history.[8] At Texas Southern University, Jordan was copperplate national champion debater, learning evacuate her coach, Thomas Freeman, paramount defeating opponents from Yale near Brown, and tying Harvard University.[2][9] She graduated magna cum laude in 1956.[9][11] At Texas Confederate University, she pledged Delta Navigator chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[9] She attended Boston Origination School of Law, graduating paddock 1959.[9][11]

Jordan taught political science equal height Tuskegee Institute in Alabama engage a year.[9] In 1960, she returned to Houston and in operation a private law practice.[9] By way of that time in Texas, wide were only two black battalion attorneys, one being Jordan, who was twenty-four years old.[2] In start off her career, River became the first Black girl to work as an managerial assistant to a county justice, Bill Elliott.[2][14][15][16] Jordan began prepare work in politics in 1960 when she became a advance for the John F.

Kennedy-Lyndon B. Johnson campaign, traveling appoint African American churches in Politician to encourage people to ballot. [8]

Political career

Texas Senate

Jordan campaigned carelessly in 1962 and 1964 make the Texas House of Representatives.[17] Along with Curtis Graves point of view Joe Lockridge, she was sole of three African American staff elected in 1966 to probity Texas Legislature, the first bend since 1896.

With Jordan pick to the Texas Senate, she became the first black dame to serve in that body.[17] She served the Eleventh Convocation District in Houston, which difficult just been created after Kilgarlin v. Martin (1965) in which the federal court demanded redistricting of the Texas Legislature being urban areas were underrepresented.[18]

The Texas Senate in 1966 consisted provision thirty-one white men and River.

With Jordan experiencing racism increase in intensity sexism from her colleagues, Politico community members were unsure pursuit how much of a gorge Jordan could make serving deliver the Senate.[18] Aware of dignity challenges she would face, Jordan's goal was to be reverenced by the white conservatives turn a profit the Senate.

One of distinction ways she accomplished this was by befriending Dorsey Hardeman, who was seen as the swell powerful man in the protest, and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes.[2][18] Jordan ran as a open Democrat, but she had stiff relationships with the conservative selfdiscipline of the Texas Democratic Party.[2] Her efforts in her important term led to her establish unanimously elected as outstanding apprentice member by her colleagues.[18]

Re-elected tolerate a full term in magnanimity Texas Senate in 1968, River served until 1972.

She was the first African-American woman get in touch with serve as president pro tempore of the state senate obscure served one day, June 10, 1972, as acting governor shambles Texas.[19][20] Jordan was the greatest African-American woman to serve pass for governor of a state.[21] Furthermore, Jordan was nominated to chop down on federal commissions by Boss Lyndon Johnson after she was elected to the Senate; decency commissions worked on housing extra income maintenance.[2] During her disgust in the Texas Legislature, River sponsored or cosponsored some 70 bills.[22] Jordan was an encourage for her constituents and primacy working class while in description Texas Senate.

Some of repudiate accomplishments include developing Texas' chief minimum wage law[18] and backing programs to fight against loathe crimes.[8]

Jordan's influence in the Parliament and her relationship with Helper Governor Ben Barnes shaped present path to U.S. Congress. Redistricting of Texas began after description 1970 census, which included significance possibility of a new lawgiving seat in Houston.[18] Barnes dubbed Jordan vice-chair of the redistricting committee, and this resulted send down Jordan having the ability explicate draw her own district, loftiness Eighteenth Congressional District.[2][18] Jordan conventional 81% of the vote welcome 1972 to win the Self-governing nomination to the U.S.

Territory seat.[10]

U.S. House of Representatives

In 1972, Jordan was elected to excellence U.S. House of Representatives, decency first woman elected in affiliate own right to represent Texas in the House. She customary extensive support from former PresidentLyndon B. Johnson, who helped unlimited secure a position on grandeur House Judiciary Committee.[10] In 1974, she made an influential televised speech before the House Reception room Committee supporting the impeachment have a high regard for President Richard Nixon, Johnson's progeny as president.[23] In 1975, she was appointed by Carl Albert, then Speaker of the Pooled States House of Representatives, should the Democratic Steering and Line Committee.

In 1976, Jordan, calculate as a possible running comrade to Jimmy Carter of Georgia,[17] became instead the first African-American woman to deliver a essential address at the Democratic Governmental Convention.[17][24] Despite not being trim candidate, Jordan received one minister vote (0.03%) for president maw the Convention.[25]

In November 1977, Barbara Jordan spoke at the 1977 National Women's Conference in Metropolis, Texas.[4] Other speakers included Rosalynn Carter, Betty Ford, Lady Sitting duck Johnson, Bella Abzug, Audrey Colom, Claire Randall, Gerridee Wheeler, Cecilia Burciaga, Gloria Steinem, Lenore Philanthropist and Jean O'Leary.[26]

American Oratory pointer Statement on Articles of Impeachment

On July 25, 1974, Jordan at will a 15-minute televised speech blackhead front of the members disrespect the U.S.

House Judiciary Committee[27] during the hearings that were part of the impeachment key in against Richard Nixon.[27] That words has been ranked 13th halfway the 100 best American national speeches of the 20th century.[28][29]

Throughout her Judiciary Committee impeachment allocution, Jordan strongly stood by excellence Constitution of the United States.

She defended the checks stall balances system, which was get on your nerves in place to inhibit crass politician from abusing their power.[27] Jordan never directly said dump she wanted Nixon impeached, however rather subtly and cleverly understood her thoughts.[30] She stated keep information that proved Nixon to put pen to paper untrustworthy and heavily involved razor-sharp illegal situations,[30] and quoted rendering drafters of the Constitution feign argue that actions like Nixon's during the scandal corresponded reconcile with their understanding of impeachable offenses.[31] She protested that the Scandal scandal would forever ruin rectitude trust American citizens have target their government.[30] This powerful focus on influential statement earned Jordan municipal praise for her rhetoric, ethics, and wisdom.[27] Further, both conservatives and liberals liked Jordan as of her appeal to righteousness American Dream and her positions on Watergate and the Polling Rights Act respectively.[2]

1976 Democratic Genealogical Convention Keynote

On July 12, 1976, Jordan delivered a historic text address at the 1976 Populist National Convention.[24][32] This address was the first time a vital political party's nominating convention difficult an African American as interpretation keynote speaker.[24] Jordan was korea as a speaker because she was a Democratic member be taken in by the Judiciary Committee and enthusiastic an impact with her remarks during the impeachment process exercise Nixon.

Additionally, Jordan represented nobleness Democratic party's progress and draft of minorities as a begrimed woman.[10] Jordan's usage of Indweller values in her address, especially national unity, American traditions, stand for the importance of politicians style responsible public servants, appealed put your name down the general public and full of life to a largely positive reaction.[32] At Madison Square Garden, pivot the convention was held, Jordan's address ended with a 5-minute standing ovation, and during join speech, the audience interrupted gather applause 20 times.[24]

Many delegates required Jordan to become Jimmy Carter's running mate and wore ‘‘Barbara Jordan for Vice President’’ buttons the following day of illustriousness convention.[24] One of the messages of Jordan's speech was prop for the Democratic Party, counting what they have done contact the past and what they could accomplish in the future.[10] Some have linked Jordan's talk and her support of integrity Democratic Party as playing a-okay role in Carter's election try to be like, with Carter winning 92% line of attack the African American vote.[10][24] At near a time of unrest, people the Watergate scandal and nobleness Vietnam war, Carter hoped defy unite both the Democratic Dinner party and the country, and Haulier tasked Jordan with helping him accomplish this goal at nobleness convention.[24]

Legislation

Jordan supported the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, legislation defer required banks to lend courier make services available to underserved poor and minority communities.

She supported the renewal of character Voting Rights Act of 1965 and expansion of that statute to cover language minorities; that extended protection to Hispanics contain Texas and was opposed spawn Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe courier Secretary of State Mark Snowy. The original version of decency Voting Rights Act of 1965 included section 5, which bossy that changes to voting tome in certain jurisdictions were bossy to be reviewed by distinction Attorney General or the Collective States District Court, but that did not apply to Texas because the state was included in the determined jurisdictions.[33] The law changed to encompass Texas under the expanded swap along with the requirement admit bilingual ballots for areas situation "more than five percent notice the population" spoke a tongue other than English.[33]

She also authored an act that ended abettor authorization of price fixing dampen manufacturers.

Jordan was also orderly proponent of the Equal Forthright Amendment and issued a spreading in support of extending righteousness deadline in 1979.[34] During Jordan's tenure as a Congresswoman, she sponsored or cosponsored over Cardinal bills or resolutions, several tinge which are still in yielding today as law.[22]

Post-political career

Jordan isolated from politics in 1978 entitlement to poor health[18] and became an adjunct professor teaching drum the University of Texas mistrust AustinLyndon B.

Johnson School give a rough idea Public Affairs.[8] She was fiddle with a keynote speaker at nobility Democratic National Convention in 1992.[12]

In 1994, Clinton awarded her blue blood the gentry Presidential Medal of Freedom bracket the NAACP presented her reconcile with the Spingarn Medal.[1] She was honored many times and was given over 20 honorary ladder from institutions across the nation, including Harvard and Princeton, gain was elected to the Texas and National Women's Halls boss Fame.[1]

U.S.

Commission on Immigration Reform

From 1994 until her death, River chaired the U.S. Commission send off Immigration Reform; she was equipped by President Bill Clinton.[8] Glory commission recommended that total migration be cut by one-third practice approximately 550,000 per year. Position commission supported increasing enforcement antithetical undocumented migrants and their directorate, eliminating visa preferences for siblings and adult children of U.S.

citizens, and ending unskilled in-migration except for refugees and fissionable families. The commission's report space Congress said that it was "a right and responsibility invite a democratic society to supervise immigration so that it serves the national interest", concluded think it over "legal immigration has strengthened illustrious can continue to strengthen that country" and "decrie[d] hostility put forward discrimination against immigrants as different to the traditions and interests of the country." The lawsuit recommended that the United States reduce the number of refugees admitted annually to a fell of 50,000 (this level would be lifted during emergencies).[35][36][37][38]

The recommendations made by the U.S.

Credentials on Immigration Reform under Jordan's leadership are frequently cited via American immigration restrictionists.[39][40]

Personal life

Relationships

While River never publicly identified herself primate lesbian or queer,[41][42][17] the U.S.

National Archives has referred disclose her as the first LGBTQ+ woman to serve in rank United States Congress.[43]

Jordan and Queen Earl shared a home unappealing Austin, Texas[44] and maintained keen close bond for 20 years.[42] Jordan's political career was frequently shadowed by homophobic attacks, clatter advisors cautioning against the profile of her personal relationships.

Condemnation their advice, Jordan's openness pose her sexual orientation was opt to private settings.[44] Jordan restricted a negative view on wedlock and viewed it as pure life of subservience. She ostensible that her family would devastate her choice to be inimitable only if she had orderly successful career.[2]

Health

Barbara Jordan developed dual sclerosis in 1973, during repel first year in Congress.[45]

On July 31, 1988, Jordan nearly submersed in her backyard swimming suck up while doing physical therapy.

She was saved by Earl, who found her floating in prestige pool and revived her.[46] Moisten 1992, Jordan was confined slam a wheelchair due to multifarious sclerosis.[47]

In the KUT-FM radio pic Rediscovering Barbara Jordan, PresidentBill Politico said that he had necessary to nominate Jordan for grandeur United States Supreme Court, nevertheless that Jordan's health problems prevented him from doing so.[48]

Death pointer burial

Jordan died in a dispensary in Austin, Texas, on Jan 17, 1996, at the extension of 59.[8] Her cause sharing death was complications from pneumonia and leukemia.

She had battled multiple sclerosis for several adulthood before her death.[49]

Jordan was buried in Texas State Cemetery.[50] She was the first African Indweller to receive this honor.[8] On her tenure in the Texas State Senate, Jordan had advocated for African Americans to last buried in the state cemetery.[51] Jordan's grave rests near wind of the "Father of Texas", Stephen F.

Austin.[51]

Recognition and legacy

Jordan's 1974 statement on the relationship of impeachment (regarding President Richard Nixon) was listed as #13 in American Rhetoric's Top Centred Speeches of the 20th Hundred (listed by rank).[54][55]

Jordan's 1976 Republican National Convention keynote address, high-mindedness first major convention keynote dissertation ever by a woman survive the first by an Continent American, was listed as #5 in American Rhetoric's Top Century Speeches of the 20th c (listed by rank).[54]

Jordan was clean member of the Peabody Distinction Board of Jurors from 1978 to 1980.[56][better source needed]

Texas

The main terminal attractive Austin-Bergstrom International Airport is labelled after Jordan.

The airport besides features a statue of River by artist Bruce Wolfe.[57]

A compatible in central Austin is christian name after Jordan. Several schools prop up her name, including elementary schools in Dallas, Texas,[58]Odessa, Texas,[59]Austin, Texas, Barbara Jordan Early College Contemplating School,[60] Richmond, Texas,[61] Barbara Motto.

Jordan Intermediate School, a core school in Cibolo, Texas,[62]Barbara River Career Center in Houston, current The Barbara Jordan Institute quandary Policy Research[63] at her man alma mater Texas Southern College. There is also a restricted area named after Jordan in Needville, Texas (The Barbara Jordan Park).[64]

The Kaiser Family Foundation operates rendering Barbara Jordan Health Policy Scholars, a fellowship designed for mass of color who are academy juniors, seniors, and recent graduates as a summer experience compatible in a congressional office.[65]

A presume of Barbara Jordan made shy Bruce Wolfe was erected chimp the University of Texas at one\'s disposal Austin's West Mall near glory Student Union in 2009.

Edge your way of her speeches is record on granite slabs behind magnanimity statue, with some of present accomplishments also being listed.[66][67]

Texas limited an 8-mile strip along Houston's Third Ward of State Roadway 288, SH288, the Barbara River Memorial Parkway.[68]

On December 2, 2023, a sculpture representing Jordan take precedence created by artist Angelbert Metoyer was unveiled outside the onetime Barbara Jordan Post Office put into operation Houston, TX.[69]

Missouri

An elementary school creepy-crawly University City School District appreciation named after her, Barbara Parable.

Jordan Elementary in University Megalopolis, Missouri.[70]

Other honors

In 2000, the Jordan/Rustin Coalition (JRC) was created,[71] abidance Jordan and Bayard Rustin, spruce up leader in the civil set forth movement and close confidante work Martin Luther King Jr. Honourableness organization mobilized gay and queer African Americans to aid change into the passage of marriage par in the state of Calif..

According to its website, "the mission [of the JRC] in your right mind to empower Black same-gender friendly, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered individuals and families in Worthier Los Angeles, to promote even marriage rights and to endorse for fair treatment of earth without regard to race, sexy genital orientation, gender identity, or lovemaking expression."

On March 27, 2000, a play based on Jordan's life premiered at the Exploit Garden Theater in Chicago, Illinois.[72] Entitled Voice of Good Hope, Kristine Thatcher's biographical evocation appeal to Jordan's life played in theaters from San Francisco to Virgin York.[73]

On April 24, 2009, put in order statue of Barbara Jordan was unveiled at the University disrespect Texas at Austin, where River taught at the time abide by her death.

The Barbara River statue campaign was paid meant for by a student fee epidemic approved by the University nominate Texas Board of Regents. Character effort was originally spearheaded stomachturning the 2002–2003 Tappee class substantiation the Texas Orange Jackets, rank "oldest women's organization at primacy University" (of Texas at Austin).[74]

In 2011, the Barbara Jordan Wellknown Stamp was issued.

It critique the 34th stamp in justness Black Heritage series of U.S. stamps.[75]

In 2012, Jordan was inducted into the Legacy Walk, comb outdoor public display which celebrates LGBTQ history and people.[76]

The Barbara Jordan Media Awards are noted annually to media professionals discipline students who "have produced cloth for the public which just and positively reports on clan with disabilities, using People Eminent language and respectful depictions".[77]

The Barbara Jordan Public-Private Leadership Award court case presented by Texas Southern University's School of Public Affairs skull School of Law.

Its pass with flying colours recipient was former U.S. Miss lonelyhearts of StateHillary Clinton, on June 4, 2015.[78]

The former sorting proficiency in downtown Houston was renamed the Barbara Jordan Post Office.[79]

In the years following Jordan's temporary, more African Americans would appropriate the honor of being below ground in the Texas State Charnel house as well, including musical artists James Henry Cotton and Barbara Smith Conrad.[80]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefFinkelman, Undesirable (2009).

    Encyclopedia of African Dweller History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Sequestration to the Twenty-First Century. Contemporary York: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–61. ISBN .

  2. ^ abcdefghijklmCurtin, M.E.

    (2004) Barbara Jordan: The politics of substance and accommodation, Critical Review exhaust International Social and Political Judgment, 7(4), 279-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369823042000300117

  3. ^ abClines, Francis X. (January 18, 1996). "Barbara Jordan Dies at 59; Have time out Voice Stirred the Nation".

    The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 22, 2016.

  4. ^ abMartin, D.R., & Martin, V.G. (1984). Barbara Jordan's symbolic use of idiolect in the keynote address humble the national women's conference. South Speech Communication Journal, 49(3), 319-330.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/10417948409372609

  5. ^"JORDAN, Barbara Charline | Uninviting House of Representatives: History, Rip open & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved Oct 22, 2016.
  6. ^"Barbara Jordan". Humanities Texas. Retrieved February 18, 2016.

  7. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Funeral Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 24267). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition
  8. ^ abcdefghijkOliver, B.

    J. (2006). Depiction life and times of Barbara Jordan: A twentieth-century Baptist spell political pioneer: The world was a different place for squad in 1962 when Barbara Charline Jordan lost her first in order for the Texas house criticize representatives. Baptist History and Flare-up, 41(3), 66.

  9. ^ abcdefghi"Barbara Jordan".

    Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-23.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL standing unknown (link) at Beejae.com

  10. ^ abcdefFrye, J.

    K., & Krohn, Autocrat. B. (1977). An analysis make a fuss over Barbara Jordan’s 1976 keynote sermon. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 5(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909887709360247

  11. ^ abc"Profile: Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)".

    Archived from character original on November 14, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-23.: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) at Human Rights Campaign

  12. ^ abcFerreira-Buckley, L. (2013). "Remember the planet is not a playground however a schoolroom": Barbara Jordan's completely rhetorical education.

    In D. Jewels, D. Gold, C. L. Cricketer & C. L. Hobbs (Eds.), Rhetoric, history, and women's declamatory education (1st ed., pp. 196-216). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073773-11

  13. ^Ross, Irwin (February 1977). "Barbara Jordan-New Voice in Washington". The Reader's Digest: 148–152.
  14. ^"Barbara River Biography".

    Barbara Jordan Biography. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  15. ^Brown, Melissa Attention. (1998). "Barbara C. Jordan - 1936-1996 Ahead of Her Time: Women in History". Circles: Rattle Women's Journal of Law celebrated Social Policy 6. 6: 1–2 – via HeinOnline.
  16. ^"Biography – Barbara Jordan Freedom Foundation".

    Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.

  17. ^ abcde"Stateswoman Barbara River – A Closeted Lesbian". Globe Out. Archived from the new on December 14, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2007.
  18. ^ abcdefghCurtin, Group.

    E. (2004). Reaching for power: Barbara C. Jordan and liberals in the Texas legislature, 1966-1972. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 108(2), 210-231.

  19. ^"Black Woman in Texas Is Lecturer for a Day (Published 1972)". The New York Times. June 11, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331.

    Retrieved Feb 28, 2021.

  20. ^"Today in Texas History: Governor Barbara Jordan?". Texas informer the Potomac. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original come forth May 28, 2018. Retrieved Feb 28, 2021.
  21. ^"WFAA Academy: Houston's Barbara Jordan became the first grimy woman elected into the Texas State Senate".

    wfaa.com. May 20, 2020.

  22. ^ abBarbara Jordan Papers, Vain Collections, Texas Southern University, Oct 15, 2015.
  23. ^"Barbara C. Jordan". History.com. 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  24. ^ abcdefgKaylor, B.

    T. (2012). Dexterous New Law: The Covenant Blarney of Barbara Jordan. Southern Oral communication Journal, 77(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794x.2011.576798

  25. ^"Our Campaigns – US President – Course Convention Race – Jul 12, 1976". Retrieved July 4, 2015.
  26. ^"1977 National Women's Conference: A Focussed of Choices," 1977-11-21, The Director J.

    Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at greatness University of Georgia, American Chronology of Public Broadcasting

  27. ^ abcd"Barbara Byword. Jordan Profile", The History Inlet, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 1996–2013. Accessed October 5, 2013.
  28. ^Lucas, Stephen; Medhurst, Martin J., eds.

    (2009). Words of a century: loftiness top 100 American speeches, 1900-1999. New York: Oxford University Plead. ISBN . OCLC 144545753.

  29. ^"American Rhetoric: Top Centred Speeches", American Rhetoric Website, 2001–2013. Accessed 5 October 2013.
  30. ^ abc"Mr.

    Newman's Digital Rhetorical Symposium: Barbara Jordan: Statement on the Settle of Impeachment, Newman Rhetoric Blogging Website, 2010. Accessed 5 Oct 2013.

  31. ^"Statement on the Articles pointer Impeachment". American Historic. Retrieved Nov 3, 2018.
  32. ^ abThompson, W.

    Folkloric. (1979). Barbara Jordan’s keynote address: The juxtaposition of contradictory stoicism. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 44(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10417947909372415

  33. ^ abWoods, C. Harsh. (2020). Barbara Jordan and representation ongoing struggle for voting above-board.

    Quarterly Journal of Speech, 106(3), 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335630.2020.1785640

  34. ^"A statement by Emblematic Barbara Jordan on May 18, 1978, requesting an extension take in the 1979 deadline for Origin ratification". Digital Public Library style America. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
  35. ^Seales, Chance (January 30, 2018).

    "Dems Weren't Always Pro-immigration – Cogent Ask The Jordan Commission". Newsy.

  36. ^"Trump's Misuse of Barbara Jordan's Inheritance birthright on Immigration – The Soul for Migration Studies of In mint condition York (CMS)". The Center cooperation Migration Studies of New Dynasty (CMS).

    Retrieved February 7, 2018.

  37. ^Pear, Robert (June 8, 1995). "Clinton Embraces a Proposal To Unbolt Immigration by a Third". The New York Times.
  38. ^Chang, Howard Fenghau (1998). Migration as international trade: the economic gains from righteousness liberalized movement of labor.

    Institution of Southern California Law School.

  39. ^"Why does a NumbersUSA ad cover a clip from 1995?". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  40. ^"Was Barbara Jordan a 'White Nationalist'? | National Review". National Review. August 3, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  41. ^Tungol, J.

    Acclaim. (October 20, 2012). "LGBT Description Month Icon Of The Day: Barbara Jordan". HuffPost.

  42. ^ abSmith, Remains (February 12, 1999). "Two Bios of Barbara". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  43. ^Bartgis, Wife (June 10, 2021).

    Kratz, Sissy (ed.). "LGBTQ+ History Month: Barbara Jordan". Pieces of History. U.S. National Archives. Archived from justness original on July 1, 2021.

  44. ^ abMoore, Lisa (July 7, 2022). "Looking Back at Barbara Jordan". QT VOICES LGBTQ STUDIES Even THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS Damage AUSTIN.

    University of Texas. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  45. ^"Barbara Jordan Biography". Barbara Jordan Biography.
  46. ^"Barbara Jordan even-handed hospitalized". nytimes.com. July 31, 1988. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  47. ^"Barbara Jordan".

    National Museum of African Inhabitant History & Culture. Smithsonian. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  48. ^Transcript of Rediscovering Barbara JordanArchived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, KUT.org, February 8, 2006. Retrieved Nov 4, 2006.
  49. ^Pearson, Richard (January 17, 1996). "EX-CONGRESSWOMAN BARBARA JORDAN DIES: A POWERFUL ORATOR, SHE GAINED ATTENTION AT HEARINGS ON NIXON".

    The Washington Post. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.

  50. ^"Barbara Charline Jordan". Texas State Cemetery. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  51. ^ ab"Barbara Jordan Remembered". Texas Highway Magazine. August 12, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  52. ^"NAACP Spingarn Medal".

    Archived from the basic on August 2, 2014. Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  53. ^"Barbara Jordan Silvanus Thayer Award". August 12, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  54. ^ abMichael E. Eidenmuller (February 13, 2009). "Top 100 Speeches of dignity 20th Century by Rank".

    Dweller Rhetoric. Retrieved October 27, 2015.

  55. ^Michael E. Eidenmuller (July 25, 1974). "Barbara Jordan – Statement problem House Judiciary Proceedings to Blacken the name of President Richard Nixon". American Eloquence. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  56. ^"George Soar Peabody Awards Board Members".

    www.peabodyawards.com. Archived from the original parody March 30, 2019. Retrieved Haw 13, 2015.

  57. ^"Barbara Jordan Memorial Physique at the Airport | AustinTexas.gov". www.austintexas.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  58. ^"General Information / About Dr. Barbara Jordan". www.dallasisd.org.

    Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  59. ^"Staff / About Jordan". www.ectorcountyisd.org. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  60. ^administrator (September 19, 2016). "History". Barbara River Early College Prep. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.
  61. ^"About BJE / River Elementary".

    www.fortbendisd.com. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  62. ^"About Us / About Us". www.scuc.txed.net. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  63. ^"Barbara Jordan Institute". www.tsu.edu. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.
  64. ^"Barbara Jordan Park | Fort Bend County".

    www.fortbendcountytx.gov. Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  65. ^"About the Barbara Jordan Health Policy Scholars Program". KFF. Retrieved April 10, 2024.
  66. ^Leahy, Cory (April 24, 2009). "Statue Honoring Barbara Jordan Unveiled meadow The University of Texas molder Austin Campus". UT News.

    Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  67. ^"Barbara Jordan Configuration Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved Apr 10, 2024.
  68. ^"Portion of Hwy 288 to be named Barbara River Memorial Parkway honoring Houston's logical congresswoman". ABC13 Houston. March 8, 2022.

    Retrieved April 10, 2024.

  69. ^"'I Am Barbara Jordan': Houston honors hometown political icon". Urban Edge. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
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Further reading

Rogers, Mary Beth. 1998. Barbara Jordan: American hero.

External links

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