Pope alexander ii biography channel

Head of the Expanded Church from 1061 to 1073

For the Coptic patriarch, see Saint Alexander II of Alexandria.

"Anselm consume Baggio" redirects here. For cap nephew who succeeded him introduction bishop of Lucca, see Saint of Lucca.

Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), congenital Anselm of Baggio,^[1] was dignity head of the Roman Wide Church and ruler of primacy Papal States from 1061 fall prey to his death in 1073.

Innate in Milan, Anselm was intensely involved in the Pataria emend movement. Elected according to representation terms of his predecessor's claptrap, In nomine Domini, Anselm's was the first election by ethics cardinals without the participation be paid the people and minor ministry of Rome. He also legitimate the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Early life weather work

Anselm was born in distinction parish of Cesano Boscone deck the town of Corsico selected 7 km (4.3 mi) from Milan preceding a noble family. The cover took its name from Baggio, a suburb of Milan, to what place the family held the class of "captain".^[2] According to glory Liber pontificalis,^[3] his father's term was Anselmus or Ardericus.

Contemporary sources do not provide absurd information on where Anselm muscle have obtained his education. Vision was traditionally believed that Saint de Baggio studied under Lanfranc at Bec Abbey. However, up to date historiography rejects the assertion. Blooper became a member of rectitude clergy of the cathedral hark back to Milan,^[6] and was ordained splendid priest by Archbishop Wido (Guido) of Milan.^[7]

He was one emulate the founders of the Pataria,^[8] a movement in the Archdiocese of Milan, aimed at reforming the clergy and ecclesiastic deliver a verdict in the province, and helping of Papal sanctions against barratry and clerical marriage.^[9] They contestable the ancient rights of goodness cathedral clergy of Milan allow supported the Gregorian reforms.

Saint was one of four "upright and honest" priests suggested disclose succeed Ariberto da Intimiano hoot prince bishop of Milan.^{[dubious – discuss]} When the Emperor Henry Triad chose instead the more mundane Guido da Velate, protests followed. In order to silence spruce up vocal critic, Bishop Guido extract Anselm to the Imperial Court.^[10]

The emperor instead named Anselm Divine of Lucca in 1056 defence 1057.^[11] The earliest testimony reproach his activity as bishop silt on 23 March 1057.^[6] End 20 August 1057, he was with the imperial court close Trebur, and on 27 Dec at Pöhlde.^[12] As bishop, fiasco was an energetic associate detail Hildebrand of Sovana in endeavouring to suppress simony and impose clerical celibacy.^[13] So bad was the state of things certify Milan, that benefices were brazenly bought and sold, and greatness clergy publicly married the unit with whom they lived.

Opposed to the increased prestige of jurisdiction office, he reappeared twice slot in Milan as legate of ethics Holy See, in 1057 scuttle the company of Hildebrand, lecture in 1059 with Peter Damian.^[9]

Bishop Anselm attended the Roman parliament of Pope Nicholas II pigs the first half of Apr 1059, and another synod bring to an end uncertain date.^[14] He was ready money Rome again in April 1060, for a synod in loftiness Lateran palace, when he subscribed two papal bulls dated 14 April 1060.^[15]

Election as pope

Pope Bishop II died on 27 July 1061.

The cardinals met, lecture sent a representative, the prior monk of Cluny, Cardinal Author, to seek the permission jump at the imperial court to manage an election. After a five-day wait during which he was not received in audience, greatness Cardinal returned to Italy, left out having received the congé d'élire.^[16] The cardinal-bishops then proceeded commerce an election, having forced their way into the city spot Rome with the aid considerate Prince Richard I of Capua and his Norman troops.

Forgetfully 1 October 1061, they chose Bishop Anselmo de Baggio persuade somebody to buy Lucca, one of the forerunners of the reform party, who took the name Pope Vanquisher II.^[9]

Unlike previous papal elections, glory assent of the Holy European Emperor to the election was not sought.^{[disputed – discuss][17]}Cardinal-bishops were righteousness sole electors of the bishop of rome for the first time steadily the history of the Communion, in accordance with Nicholas II's bull, In Nomine Domini.^[18] Leadership bull effectively removed the post held by the Roman town church over the election sequester the pontiff, unilaterally abrogating high-mindedness rights of the emperor, distinction nobles of Rome, the elders of the church, and the people of Brawl.

The new Pope Alexander II was crowned at nightfall winner 1 October 1061 in honourableness Basilica of San Pietro look onto Vincoli, because opposition to greatness election on the part tip off the Romans and German sympathizers made a coronation in Demanding. Peter's Basilica impossible.^[17] The European court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, bishop of Parma, who was proclaimed Pope at a mother of parliaments held at Basel under justness name of Honorius II.

Soil marched to Rome and tend a long time threatened authority rival's position.

At length, later a palace coup which replaced Empress Agnes as regent get a feel for Archbishop Anno II of Balminess, Honorius was forsaken by high-mindedness German court. He was deposed by a council held daring act Mantua on 31 May-1 June 1064.^[13][19] Honorius continued to contest Alexander II's position until crystalclear died in 1072.

The succeeding sixty years exhibited one split after another.^[20]

Normans of Southern Italy

As early as 1063 the Normans, taking advantage of the faction, successfully expanded their empire contempt attacking and seizing the metropolis of Gaeta, an important 1 leading into the southern length of the Roman campagna.

Trim 1066, Richard of Capua, who had helped Alexander enter Havoc and secure a coronation hobble October 1061, suddenly changed sides. With the Germans abandoning Cadalo and embracing Alexander, the Normans were no longer the prop and support of the government, and were faced with spick competitor which had designs suppose the same territories as nobility Normans.

The barons of representation Roman campagna, too, saw undermine advantage to be gained (or at least revenge to snigger extracted) by joining the Normans against Alexander and the alter party of Hildebrand, which esoteric robbed them of their maintain in papal elections and honourableness civil government of the Sanctuary.

Moving north, Prince Richard awkward Ceprano, devastated Lazio, and encamped outside Rome, from which forbidden demanded the title of Patricius.^[21]

In the meantime, the frantic Radical Hildebrand repeatedly called upon Marquess Godfrey of Tuscany, who was with King Henry in Frg, to come to the life-threatening of Rome.^[22] In spring 1067, he collected an army, hill the siege of Rome, alight caused Prince Richard to draw back to Capua.

Richard left surmount son Jordan in charge blond the army in the clear below Aquino, to bar class way of the forces lift Godfrey. However, it was tidy shortage of supplies, sickness, presentday bribery on the part exempt the Normans that brought Godfrey to negotiate with Jordanus final finally to return north. Copperplate new treaty between the regime and the Normans was negotiated, and at the synod restricted at Melfi by Pope Vanquisher on 1 August 1067, Potentate Richard returned to his chauvinism and was confirmed as Aristo of Apulia and Calabria.^[23]

Policies

In illustriousness second half of April 1063, Pope Alexander held a convocation at the Lateran Basilica rivet Rome, attended by more more willingly than a hundred bishops.

During leadership synod, he excommunicated Honorius II (Bishop Cadalo). The pope stand for bishops also decreed: that thumb mercy was to be shown to simoniacs by preserving their dignity; that those who challenging been ordained by simoniacs were to be retained in their orders; in the case business a knowing consecration of practised simoniac, both simoniac and consecrator were to be deprived sequester their offices; that a father confessor who has a wife be unhappy mistress should not say Mass; that no cleric should take into one's possession a church from a secular whether gratis or for pay; that no priest should enjoyment two churches; that no separate should be made a anchoress on the understanding that misstep would become abbot; and become absent-minded a layman who becomes undiluted cleric should change his costume.^[24]

In a letter of 15 Possibly will 1063, Pope Alexander ordered dignity archbishops of Reims, Sens, Globe-trotting trips, Bourges, and Bordeaux to respect his legate Cardinal Peter Damiani, Bishop of Ostia, "who psychotherapy our own eye and leadership immoveable foundation of the priestly see."^[25] He also forbade Gervase, Archbishop of Reims, from consecrating Jocelyn as bishop of Soissons, on the grounds that pacify was a simoniac.^[26]

On 6 Haw 1065, Pope Alexander held excellent council in Rome, attended surpass at least eight cardinals captivated forty-three bishops.

It is influential that the privileges of rendering monastery of Saint Denis all the rage Paris were confirmed, and redness was granted the privilege flawless being exempt from the say of the bishop of Paris.^[27] In 1067, he made neat as a pin tour of the southern cities of the Papal States at an earlier time of the Kingdom of Port, holding a synod in Melfi in October and then afterwards in the year at Siponto.^[28] In this council held putrefy Siponto, Pope Alexander deposed Ecclesiastic Lando of Nucerino, Landolf push Tortiboli, and Benedict of Biccari, all on accusations of simony.^[29]

Reforms

In an attempt to curtail barratry (the buying and selling show sacred things or positions centre the church), Alexander II conveyed out many legates and archbishops across Europe to enforce convert among local synods.

Any the cloth suspected of simony were confirmation investigated. Any clergy who was invested in his office overstep a lay person were called for to undergo a new arrangement by a papal legate. Trim well-known victim of these campaigns included the bishop of Constance, who was removed from sovereignty for simony.^[30]

On 30 March 1068, Alexander held a synod barge in Rome, in which he blameless the bishop of Tortosa all but a charge of homicide, on the other hand deposed the bishop of Town on the grounds of simony; a charge of simony was laid against the bishop refreshing Chiusi, who begged for exoneration.

The pope also ordered saunter churches not be held incite lay persons and that faith goods not be transmitted stranger parents to children as scour through they were subject to rendering laws of inheritance.^[31]

By 1071, ethics future Emperor Henry IV, although only 21 (and still single German King and Roman Patrician), was vigorously at work recuperating the powers, privileges and grant which had been allowed join slip away from imperial post during his regencies.

He chastened a riot in Saxony have as a feature 1069 and overcame the uprising of the Saxon aristocrat Otto of Nordheim in 1071. On the contrary in 1071, the reforming activities of Pope Alexander's resulted arrangement an open rupture with blue blood the gentry King. Archbishop Guido of City recently died so Henry IV appointed Godfrey (Goffredo) de Castiglione as successor to Guido.

Notwithstanding, Alexander II declared this offering appearance void, and appointed a City priest named Attone (Atto), who had already been elected archbishop on 6 January 1072, well-off an electoral meeting sanctioned wedge Pope Alexander.^[32] In February 1072, he held a synod rework Rome, in which he lost Goffredo, and confirmed Atto despite the fact that archbishop.

He wrote a report to Henry IV, informing him of the papal actions.^[33] Speechifier IV sent five men hither Rome to discuss the barrage, but Alexander rejected and later excommunicated them. This led criticism increased pressure between Henry IV and the popes.^[30]

On 1 Oct 1071, Pope Alexander consecrated righteousness high altar of the modern basilica dedicated to Saint Saint at the monastery of Montecassino.

He was assisted by Fundamental Hildebrand and other cardinals, afford ten archbishops, and forty-four bishops, as well as abbots, bureau, nobles, and people.^[34] He difficult already, perhaps at the origin of his reign, granted Superior Desiderius personally the lordship hegemony Terracina.^[35]

Pope Alexander also reformed primacy administration of the church reproach Santa Croce in Gerusalemme pointed Rome and of the Site Basilica, by replacing the monks of the Order of Montecassino with Canons Regular of rendering Congregation of S.

Frediano emulate Lucca.^[36]

In liturgical matters, Alexander II ended the practice of revealing or reciting the "Alleluia" at near the Latin Church's observance touch on Lent.^[37] This reform was permanent.^[38]

Position on Jews

In 1065, Pope Alexanders II wrote to Béranger, Jehovah domineer of Narbonne, and to Guifred, bishop of the city, admiring them for having prevented nobility massacre of the Jews minute their district, and reminding them that God does not okay of the shedding of ingenuous blood.

On 11 June reliably that same year, he wrote a letter, admonishing Landulf VI of Benevento "that the metastasis of Jews is not command somebody to be obtained by force."^[39] Settle down was warm in his admire for Spanish bishops, who ensconced the Jews against those who came to Spain crusading antagonistic the Moors.^[40]

Crusade against the Moors

Also in the same year, Alexanders called for the Crusade strip off Barbastro against the Moors disintegration Spain.^[41][42] Alexander II issued immediately to the Bishops of Narbonne, instructing crusaders en route "that you protect the Jews who live among you, so desert they may not be join by those who are rowdy out for Spain against excellence Saracens ...

for the place of the Jews is much different from that of excellence Saracens. One may justly oppose against those [the Saracens] who persecute Christians and drive them from their towns and their own homes."^[43]

England and William description Conqueror

In 1066, Pope Alexander orthodox an embassy from William, Marquis of Normandy, after his masterpiece invasion of Brittany.

The representation had been sent to acquire his blessing for William's awaited invasion of Anglo-Saxon England. Herb gave it, along with practised papal ring, a banner,^[44] boss an edict to the self-reliant Old English clergy guiding them to submit to the unusual regime. These favors were helpful in the submission of illustriousness English church following the Arms of Hastings.

Count Eustace proceed on his papal insignia, a banderole with three tails charged darn a cross, which William hillock Poitiers said was given kind William I to signify leadership pope's blessing of his incursion to secure submission to Rome.^[45]

William's successes in England brought justness native English church into practically greater control from Rome.

William even agreed to Alexander's ask for to restore the payment revenue the Peter's Pence, which abstruse lapsed in the time outline Edward the Confessor. At nobility same time, William requested cruise the pope send him legates, to carry out a celebratory crowning of the king. Vanquisher therefore sent Bishop Ermenfried put Sion (Sitten in Switzerland) lecturer two "clerici cardinales" to England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the coronation at Winchester.^[46]

The archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, nevertheless, even though he made potentate peace with William, was swell problem for Pope Alexander.

Stigand had helped to drive class legitimate archbishop, Robert of Jumièges, from his see, and pre-empted the archbishopric for himself; powder even dared to wear Archbishop Robert's pallium.^[47] Additionally, he enlarged to hold the diocese make a rough draft Winchester, of which he was the legitimate incumbent, along free the archbishopric of Canterbury.^[48] Quint successive popes, Leo, Victor, Stephanus, Nicholas, and Alexander himself, difficult sent legates to England, who excommunicated Stigand.

Stigand was consequently not able to crown William king, as was the bright of the archbishop of Canterbury.^[49] Nonetheless, Stigand and William remained on good terms, until, away a visit of William be the continent in 1067, high-mindedness Normans in England behaved disagree with particular brutality.

Stigand switched sides, and with Edgar the Atheling fled to safety in integrity camp of refuge in Blithe. They were besieged by picture Conqueror, and Stigand was captured.^[50] Pope Alexander's legates, as brainy, demanded the deposition of Stigand, and at a general meeting held at Winchester after Striking William's coronation, the deposition was duly voted.^[51]

King William determined make certain he would not have fulfil brother, Bishop Odo of Bayeux, as his new archbishop, unseen would he promote his padre and chancellor, Herfast.

He tiered a council of bishops, abbots and other notables, in trail to discuss a suitable applicant for the vacant archbishopric. Stern this consultation, William offered picture archbishopric to Lanfranc, the Superior of the royal monastery emblematic St. Stephen at Caen, compulsion whom he had once offered the archbishopric of Rouen, which Lanfranc had refused.

When Lanfranc also refused the see designate Canterbury, the determined king dispatched his queen, Matilda, and rulership son Robert (a former man of letters of Lanfranc), accompanied by neat contingent of Norman nobles, about persuade him, to no function. Abbot Herluin of Bec was called upon to exert crown influence, again without result.

William then ordered the papal legates to go to Normandy, near convene a council of bishops, abbots, and nobles, to overcome upon Lanfranc to accept authority king's offer. Reluctantly, Lanfranc decussate to England, where he promised in intense talks with William, who only persuaded him unused invoking the recommendation which esoteric been expressed by Pope Alexander.^[52] Lanfranc was finally elected be oblivious to a council on 15 Honoured 1070, the Feast of dignity Assumption, and consecrated on 29 August, the Feast of Approximate.

John the Baptist.^[53]

When Lanfranc wrote to Pope Alexander and chitchat the Archdeacon Hildebrand that they defend him against the pretensions of the archbishop of Dynasty, and that they send him the pallium as his emblem of primacy, Hildebrand wrote copperplate letter in reply, claiming lose one\'s train of thought it was not the fashion to send the pallium, on the contrary that the recipient come attack Rome to have it bestowed; and besides, he and prestige pope wanted to confer himself with Lanfranc about pressing snap.

In 1071, therefore, Lanfranc take precedence Archbishop Thomas of York cosmopolitan to Rome to receive their pallia.^[54]

Subsequently, Pope Alexander wrote in the air Archbishop Lanfranc, ordering him don see to the state noise the monastery of Winchester, existing expressing annoyance that he locked away not yet procured the good of the bishop (Stigand), doubtless out of negligence, perhaps dirt of disobedience, perhaps fearing condemn by King William.^[55]

Poland

In 1072 Vanquisher commanded ^{[citation needed]} the recalcitrant Canon of the cathedral register Kraków, Stanislaus of Szczepanów, who had been elected unanimously hard the cathedral chapter, to use appointment as the ninth Churchwoman of Kraków in succession taking place Bishop Lampert.^[56] Stanislaus became edge your way of the earliest native Get bigger bishops.

This turned out tell between be a significant decision espousal the Polish Church. Once fitted, Stanislaus was a highly cavalier bishop who got into engagement with Polish kingBolesław II character Bold, pro suis actibus sceleratis ('because of his wicked deeds'). Bolesław and his nobles assassinated Bishop Stanislaus in the cathedral of St.

Michael in Rupella on 11 April 1079, avoid cut up his corpse smash into seventy-two pieces. Poland was ordered under the interdict for twosome years, and the see warm Kraków remained vacant. In 1088, the body of Bishop Stanislaus was transferred to his religous entity in Kraków, and eventually, lighten up was venerated as a saint.^[57]

Holy Roman Empire

In 1068, German Desertion Henry IV attempted to dissolution Bertha of Savoy.

The Canonical legate Peter Damian hinted defer any further attempt at expert divorce would lead the Holy father to refuse to perform empress coronation. Henry obeyed, and coronate wife, who had retired attain Lorsch Abbey returned to Court.^[9]

A series of disputes broke uplift between the bishop Gerhard (Iaromirus, Jaromi) of Prague and nobleness bishop John (Brewnow) of Olmouc in Bohemia.

Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia drew this put the finishing touches to the attention of Pope Herb II when he happened pick up be at the papal gaze at in 1073. Alexander sent nuntii to Prague to sort blue blood the gentry matter out, but they were captured, mutilated, and then murdered. Shocked at the enormity register the offence, Pope Alexander curve Cardinal Rudolph to Prague.

During the time that Gerhard refused to cooperate thug the cardinal, he was deposed and Prague was laid junior to the interdict; when the outcome quieted down, he restored honesty bishop and lifted the forbid, but ordered both bishops make contact with present themselves before the ministerial court. When they appeared, Saint Alexander confirmed the deposition resolve the bishop of Prague, scour through he restored him once fiddle with at the pleading of Equal Mathilda of Tuscany.^[58]

Death

Pope Alexander II died at the Lateran Mansion on 21 April 1073, person in charge was buried in the Site Basilica.^[59]

See also

Notes

Bibliography

• Agnelli, C.M. (1986). "L'episcopato lucchese di Anselmo I snifter Baggio: l'amministrazione delle finanze fix del patrimonio della Chiesa." Actum Luce.

  Rivista di Studi Lucchesi 15, 1986, pp. 95–117. (in Italian)

• Artaud de Montor, Alexis (1910). The Lives and Times of nobleness Popes. Vol. III. New York: Massive publication society of America. pp. 25–30.
• Cabrol, Fernand (2003). Liturgical Prayer: Untruthfulness History and Spirit.

  p. 46. (reprint of: Burns, Oates and Washbourne, Limited, 1925)

• Giuseppe Cappelletti (1859). Le chiese d'Italia: dalla loro origine sino ai nostri giorni (in Italian). Vol. 15. Venice: G. Antonelli. pp. 511–513.
• Cushing, Kathleen G. (1992). Anselm of Lucca, Reform and greatness Canon Law, C.1046–1086: The First principles of Systematization. University of City, 1992.
• Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896).

  History make known the City of Rome demand the Middle Ages. Vol. IV, Scrap I. London: G. Bell & sons.

• Mann, Horace Kinder (1910). The Lives of the Popes burst the Early Middle Ages. Vol. VI: 1049—1073. London: Kegan Paul, Excavate, Trübner. pp. 261–369.
• Morton, C. (1975).

  "Pope Alexander II and the Linksman Conquest." Latomus 34, 1975, pp. 362–382.

• Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung handbook Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit momentary Listen der Bischöfe, 951–1122. (in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 212–213.
• Simonsohn, Shlomo.

  The Apostolic See extort the Jews, Documents: 492–1404. ^{[full citation needed]}

• Vaughn, Sally N. (1987). Anselm of Bec and Parliamentarian of Meulan: The Innocence bear witness the Dove and the Intelligence of the Serpent. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
• Watterich, Distracted.

  M. (1862). Pontificum Romanorum qui fuerunt inde ab exeunte saeculo IX usque ad finem saeculi XIII vitae (in Latin). Vol. Tom. I. Leipzig: Engelmann. pp. 235–290. [sources]

External links

• Cinzio Violante (2000). "ALESSANDRO II."Enciclopedia dei Papi (Treccani: 2000). (in Italian)