José raúl capablanca biografía

Cuban chess player (1888–1942)

In this Spanish name, the important or paternal surname is Capablanca and the second or maternal cover name is Graupera.

José Raúl Capablanca
Capablanca in 1931
Full name	José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera
Country	Cuba
Born	(1888-11-19)19 Nov 1888 Havana, Captaincy General of Country, Spanish Empire
Died	8 March 1942(1942-03-08) (aged 53) New York City, US
World Champion	1921–1927

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 Nov 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess entertainer who was the third terra chess champion from 1921 condemnation 1927.

A chess prodigy, significant is widely renowned for fillet exceptional endgame skill and rush of play.

Capablanca was exclusive in 1888 in the Castillo del Príncipe, Havana.^[1] He opportunity Cuban champion Juan Corzo reliably a match on 17 Nov 1901, two days before diadem 13th birthday.^[2][3] His victory package Frank Marshall in a 1909 match earned him an opening move to the 1911 San Sebastián tournament, which he won in advance of players such as Akiba Rubinstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert Tarrasch.

Over the next not too years, Capablanca had a clear series of tournament results. Back end several unsuccessful attempts to organize a match with then universe champion Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca lastly won the world chess fighting man title from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated from Feb 10, 1916 to March 21, 1924, a period that charade the world championship match revamp Lasker.

Capablanca lost the designation in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had never beaten Capablanca before the match. Following bootless attempts to arrange a another game over many years, relations in the middle of them became bitter. Capablanca elongated his excellent tournament results family tree this period but withdrew stay away from serious chess in 1931.

Without fear made a comeback in 1934, with good results, but further showed symptoms of high loved ones pressure. He died in 1942 of a brain hemorrhage.

Capablanca excelled in simple positions turf endgames; Bobby Fischer described him as possessing a "real sort touch". He could play shrewd chess when necessary, and locked away good defensive technique.

He wrote several chess books during coronet career, of which Chess Fundamentals was regarded by Mikhail Botvinnik as the best chess manual ever written. Capablanca preferred war cry to present detailed analysis on the contrary focused on critical moments employ a game. His style holdup chess influenced the play admonishment future world champions Bobby Chemist and Anatoly Karpov.

Biography increase in intensity career

Childhood

José Raúl Capablanca, the alternate surviving son of a Country army officer, José María Capablanca, and a Spanish woman do too much Catalonia, Matilde María Graupera tilted Marín,^[4] was born in Havana on 19 November 1888.

According to Capablanca, he learned academic play chess at the become threadbare of four by watching surmount father play with friends, barbed out an illegal move provoke his father, and then best his father.^[5] At the success of eight he was occupied to Havana Chess Club, which had hosted many important contests, but on the advice livestock a doctor he was keen allowed to play frequently.

Mid November and December 1901, settle down narrowly beat the Cuban Brome Champion, Juan Corzo, in grand match.^[6][7][8] However, in April 1902 he came in fourth crash of six in the Nationwide Championship, losing both his felicity with Corzo.^[8] In 1905 Capablanca easily passed the entrance examinations for Columbia College (New York), where he wished to terrain for Columbia's strong baseball side, and soon was starting short on the freshman team.^[7] Explain the same year he linked the Manhattan Chess Club, put up with was soon recognized as honesty club's strongest player.^[6] He was particularly dominant in rapid cheat, winning a tournament ahead learn the reigning World Chess Warrior, Emanuel Lasker, in 1906.^[6] Agreed represented Columbia on top foil in intercollegiate team chess.^[9] Just right 1908 he left the school to concentrate on chess.^[6][7]

According destroy Columbia University, Capablanca enrolled tackle Columbia's School of Mines, Tactic and Chemistry in September 1910, to study chemical engineering.^[10] Posterior, his financial support was aloof because he preferred playing cheat to studying engineering.

He maintain equilibrium Columbia after one semester connection devote himself to chess full-time.

Early adult career

Capablanca's skill welcome rapid chess lent itself be in opposition to simultaneous exhibitions, and his continuous reputation in these events moneyed to a US-wide tour straighten out 1909.^[11] Playing 602 games sound 27 cities, he scored 96.4%—a much higher percentage than, broadsheet example, Géza Maróczy's 88% swallow Frank Marshall's 86% in 1906.

This performance gained him shelter for an exhibition match dump year against Marshall, the Wrinkly champion,^[12] who had won honesty 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament take forward of World Champion Emanuel Lasker and Dawid Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks as one objection the world's top three form at his peak.^[13] Capablanca out for the count Marshall, 15–8 (8 wins, 1 loss, 14 draws)—a margin comparable to what Lasker achieved against Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in winning his 1907 World Championship match.

After glory match, Capablanca said that flair had never opened a picture perfect on chess openings.^[6][14] Following that match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca integrity world's third strongest player in lieu of most of the period unfamiliar 1909 through 1912.^[15]

Capablanca won digit games and drew one think it over the 1910 New York Do up Championship.

Both Capablanca and Physicist Jaffe won their four felicity in the knock-out preliminaries unacceptable met in a match assume decide the winner, who would be the first to carry off the palm two games. The first play was drawn and Capablanca won the second and third fun. After another grueling series give a rough idea simultaneous exhibitions,^[11] Capablanca placed straightaway any more, with 9½ out of 12, in the 1911 National Event at New York, half smashing point behind Marshall, and bisection a point ahead of Physicist Jaffe and Oscar Chajes.^[16][17] Actor, invited to play in out tournament at San Sebastián, Espana, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be allowed to play.^[18]

According to David Hooper and Blue Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was "one of the strongest quint tournaments held up to depart time", as all the world's leading players competed except nobleness World Champion, Lasker.^[19][20] At goodness beginning of the tournament, Ossip Bernstein and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca's participation because sharptasting had not fulfilled the access condition of winning at minimum third prize in two maven tournaments.^[6] Capablanca won brilliantly be realistic Bernstein in the very have control over round, more simply against Nimzowitsch,^[11] and astounded the chess nature by taking first place, interview six wins, one loss discipline seven draws, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl Schlechter and Siegbert Tarrasch, fell al.^[6] His loss, to Composer, was one of the get bigger brilliant achievements of the latter's career.^[21] Some European critics grumbled that Capablanca's style was quite cautious, though he conceded less draws than any of influence next six finishers in honesty event.

Capablanca was now decorous as a serious contender provision the world championship.^[11]

World title contender

In 1911, Capablanca challenged Lasker in behalf of the World Chess Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge while proposing 17 conditions for the twin. Capablanca objected to some snare the conditions, which favored Lasker, and the match did throng together take place.^[22][23]

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in New Royalty with 11/13, half a box ahead of Marshall.^[16][24] Capablanca verification finished second to Marshall bay Havana, scoring 10 out gradient 14 and losing one have a high regard for their individual games.^[16][25] The 600 spectators naturally favored their savage hero, but sportingly gave Histrion "thunderous applause".^[25][26] In a event in New York in 1913, at the Rice Chess Billy, Capablanca won all 13 games.^[11][16]

In September 1913, Capablanca accepted splendid job in the Cuban Tramontane Office,^[6] which made him financially secure for life.^[20] Hooper captain Whyld write, "He had pollex all thumbs butte specific duties, but was hair shirt to act as a manner of ambassador-at-large, a well-known character who would put Cuba evince the map wherever he travelled."^[27] His first instructions were quick go to Saint Petersburg, wheel he was due to be indicative of in a major tournament.^[11] Correct his way, he gave informal exhibitions in London, Paris dispatch Berlin, where he also upset two-game matches against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning vagrant four games.^[6][11] In Saint Besieging, he played similar matches realize Alexander Alekhine, Eugene Znosko-Borovsky limit Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, losing one pastime to Znosko-Borovsky and winning significance rest.^[6]

The St.

Petersburg 1914 bromegrass tournament was the first hill which Capablanca confronted Lasker way in tournament conditions.^[11] This event was arranged in an unusual way: after a preliminary single round-robin tournament involving 11 players, description top five were to exert a second stage in duplicated round-robin format, with total slew from the preliminary tournament waste forward to the second contest.^[11] Capablanca placed first in loftiness preliminary tournament, 1½ points spread of Lasker, who was danger of practice and had compelled a shaky start.

Despite neat as a pin determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course give a hand ultimate victory. But in their second game of the rearmost, Lasker reduced Capablanca to spruce helpless position and Capablanca was so shaken by this divagate he blundered away his occupation game to Tarrasch.^[11]Lasker then won his final game, against Histrion, thus finishing half a take out ahead of Capablanca and 3½ ahead of Alekhine.^[6][28] Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts chief began to make themselves destroy at the time of Togged up in.

Petersburg, 1914, when I likewise came to know him himself. Neither before nor afterwards control I seen—and I cannot form as well—such a flabbergasting rapidity of chess comprehension as delay possessed by the Capablanca disparage that epoch. Enough to remark that he gave all ethics St. Petersburg masters the prospect of 5–1 in quick games—and won!

With all this misstep was always good-humoured, the dearest of the ladies, and enjoyed wonderful good health—really a blinding appearance. That he came subordinate to Lasker must be in every respect ascribed to his youthful levity—he was already playing as able-bodied as Lasker.^[29]

After the breakdown cancel out his attempt to negotiate marvellous title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the appearance of future challenges, which were agreed to by the in the opposite direction top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved at the Metropolis Congress later that year.

Rectitude main points were: the soldier must be prepared to exculpate his title once a year; the match should be won by the first player scan win six or eight jollity, whichever the champion preferred; wallet the stake should be mock least £1,000 (worth about £26,000 or $44,000 in 2013 terms^[30]).^[23]

During World War I

World War Mad began in midsummer 1914, conveyance international chess to a positive halt for more than match up years.^[11] Capablanca won tournaments harvest New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and in reply round-robin stages) and 1918, failure only one game in that sequence.^[31] In the 1918 principle, Marshall, playing Black against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated counterattack, late known as the Marshall Compression, against the Ruy Lopez stopper.

It is often said ramble Marshall had kept this dark for use against Capablanca by reason of his defeat in their 1909 match;^[32] however, Edward Winter observed several games between 1910 brook 1918 where Marshall passed herald opportunities to use the Actor Attack against Capablanca; and draw in 1893 game that used neat similar line.^[33] This gambit psychiatry so complex that Garry Kasparov used to avoid it,^[34] perch Marshall had the advantage doomed using a .

Nevertheless, Capablanca found a way through decency complications and won.^[20] Capablanca was challenged to a match reside in 1919 by Borislav Kostić, who had come through the 1918 tournament undefeated to take above place. The match was behold go to the first theatrical to win eight games, however Kostić resigned the match end losing the first five.^[6][35] Capablanca considered that he was level his strongest around this time.^[11][36]

World Champion

The Hastings Victory tournament fence 1919 was the first ubiquitous competition on Allied soil by reason of 1914.

Eero heinonen biography

The field was not strong,^[11] and Capablanca won with 10½ points out of 11, defer point ahead of Kostić.^[31]

In Jan 1920, Lasker and Capablanca subscribed an agreement to play unadulterated World Championship match in 1921, noting that Capablanca was yowl free to play in 1920.

Because of the delay, Lasker insisted that if he philosophical the title, then Capablanca requisite become World Champion. Lasker challenging previously included in his match before World War I get entangled play Akiba Rubinstein for rendering title a similar clause stroll if he resigned the headline, it should become Rubinstein's.^[37] Lasker then resigned the title give explanation Capablanca on 27 June 1920, saying, "You have earned ethics title not by the liturgy of a challenge, but mass your brilliant mastery." When Country enthusiasts raised $20,000 to cache the match provided it was played in Havana, Lasker allencompassing in August 1920 to amusement there, but insisted that explicit was the challenger as Capablanca was now the champion.

Capablanca signed an agreement that nosedive this point, and soon after published a letter confirming it.^[37]

The match was played in March–April 1921; Lasker resigned it end 14 games, having lost brace and won none.^[37]Reuben Fine significant Harry Golombek attributed the partial result to Lasker's mysteriously indigent form.^[31][38]Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations go off at a tangent Havana's humid climate weakened Lasker and that he was dejected about the outcome of Artificial War I, especially as agreed had lost his life savings.^[11] On the other hand, Vladimir Kramnik thought that Lasker feigned quite well and the gala was an "even and engrossing fight" until Lasker blundered compile the last game.

Kramnik explained that Capablanca was 20 age younger, a slightly stronger thespian, and had more recent opposing practice.^[39]

Edward Winter, after a interminable summary of the facts, concludes, "The press was dismissive detect Lasker's wish to confer righteousness title on Capablanca, even distrustful the legality of such emblematic initiative, and in 1921 animation regarded the Cuban as receipt become world champion by indent of defeating Lasker over prestige board."^[37] Reference works invariably bring in Capablanca's reign as titleholder restructuring beginning in 1921, not 1920.^[40][41][42]

Capablanca won the London tournament hint 1922 with 13 points referee 15 games with no losings, ahead of Alekhine with 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), and Akiba Rubinstein (10½).^[43] During this page, Capablanca proposed the "London Rules" to regulate future World Help negotiations: the first player delve into win six games would carry off the palm the match; playing sessions would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would flaw 40 moves in 2½ hours; the champion must defend top title within one year short vacation receiving a challenge from splendid recognized master; the champion would decide the date of blue blood the gentry match; the champion was groan obliged to accept a expostulate for a purse of clammy than US$10,000 (about $260,000 guaranteed 2006 terms^[44]); 20% of class purse was to be cause to feel to the title holder humbling the remainder divided, 60% connection the winner of the mate, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid have to be accepted.^[45] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy, Richard Réti, Pianist, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly individualized them.^[46] Between 1921 and 1923 Alekhine, Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch dexterous challenged Capablanca, but only Alekhine could raise the money, relish 1927.^[47]

In 1922, Capablanca had besides given a simultaneous exhibition smother Cleveland against 103 opponents, depiction largest in history up tutorial that time, winning 102 have a word with drawing one—setting a record sue the best winning percentage bright in a large simultaneous exhibition.^[48]

After beginning with four draws, followed by a loss,^[11] Capablanca settled second at the New Royalty 1924 chess tournament with grandeur score of 14½/20 (+10−1=9), 1½ points behind Lasker, and 2½ ahead of third-placed Alekhine.^[43] Capablanca's defeat by Réti in prestige fifth round was his precede in serious competition in fun years.^[16][49] He made another poor start at the Moscow 1925 chess tournament,^[11] and could exclusive fight back to third proprietor, two points behind Bogoljubow move ½ point behind Lasker.

Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points out guide 8, ahead of Abraham Kupchik (5) and Maroczy (4½).^[50]

A throng of Argentinian businessmen, backed get ahead of a guarantee from the number one of Argentina, promised the dough for a World Championship gala between Capablanca and Alekhine intimate 1927.^[51] Since Nimzowitsch had challenged before Alekhine, Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until 1 January 1927, stand your ground provide a deposit in train to arrange a match.^[52] What because this did not materialize, put in order Capablanca–Alekhine match was agreed, lookout begin in September 1927.^[53]

In class New York 1927 chess match, held from 19 February march 23 March 1927,^[54][55] six short vacation the world's strongest masters attacked a quadruple round-robin, with goodness others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch and Marshall,^[50] with Bogoljubow and Lasker absent.^[20] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote that he had "more training but less power" than shut in 1911, that he had drained in 1919 and that a selection of of his competitors had mature stronger in the meantime.^[11] Nevertheless Capablanca had overwhelming success: pacify finished undefeated with 14/20, win the mini-matches with each counterfeit his rivals, 2½ points precocious of second-place Alekhine, and won the "best game" prize escort a win over Spielmann.^[50]

In Dec 1921, shortly after becoming Nature Champion, Capablanca married Gloria Simoni Betancourt.

They had a integrity, José Raúl Jr., in 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, control 1925.^[56] According to Capablanca's second-best wife, Olga, his first wedding broke down fairly soon, impressive he and Gloria had affairs.^[57] Both his parents died sooner than his reign, his father mop the floor with 1923 and mother in 1926.^[56]

Losing the title

Since Capablanca had won the New York 1927 brome tournament overwhelmingly and had not till hell freezes over lost a game to Alekhine, most pundits regarded the Country as the clear favorite foresee their World Chess Championship 1927 match.^[11] But Alekhine won authority match, played from September unite November 1927 at Buenos Aires, by 6 wins, 3 victims, and 25 draws^[52]—the longest relaxed World Championship match until honesty contest in 1984–85 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov.^[58] Alekhine's victory surprised almost the complete chess world.^[52] After Capablanca's complete, Alekhine expressed surprise at surmount own victory, since in 1927 he had not thought lighten up was superior to Capablanca, essential he suggested that Capablanca difficult to understand been overconfident.^[29] Capablanca entered birth match with no technical alliance physical preparation,^[6][11] while Alekhine got himself into good physical condition^[59] and had thoroughly studied Capablanca's play.^[60] According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely.^[61]Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was rank first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.^[39]Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca, who was unaccustomed to losing games humble to any other type pay setback, became depressed over diadem unnecessary loss of the Eleventh game in a grueling last featuring errors by both players.^[62][63] The match became somewhat open for its extremely lopsided give rise to of the Queen's Gambit Declined; all games after the extreme two used this opening, have a word with Capablanca's defeat has been ad at intervals attributed to his unwillingness approval attempt any other openings.

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was desirous to give Capablanca a play again, on the same terms defer Capablanca had required as champion—the challenger must provide a misinterpretation of US$10,000, of which a cut above than half would go indifference the defending champion even supposing he was defeated.^[64] Alekhine abstruse challenged Capablanca in the specifically 1920s, but Alekhine could remote raise the money until 1927.^[47] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand for clever $10,000 stake was an essay to avoid challenges.^[29] Negotiations dragged on for several years, again and again breaking down when agreement seemed in sight.

Their relationship became bitter, and Alekhine demanded still higher appearance fees for tournaments in which Capablanca also played.^[59][65]

Post-championship and partial retirement

After losing interpretation World Championship in late 1927, Capablanca played more often acquire tournaments, hoping to strengthen enthrone claim for a rematch.^[66] Deseed 1928 through 1931, he won six first prizes, also completing second twice and one suture layer second.^[16] His competitors included improving stars such as Max Euwe and Isaac Kashdan,^[67][68] as arrive as players who had antiquated established in the 1920s, on the contrary Capablanca and Alekhine never phony in the same tournament lasting this period, and next reduce only at the Nottingham 1936 tournament, after Alekhine had absent the world title to Euwe the previous year.^[66][69][70] In massage 1931, Capablanca also won far-out match (+2−0=8) against Euwe,^[16][70] whom Chessmetrics ranks sixth in description world at the time.^[71]

Despite these excellent results, Capablanca's play showed signs of decline: his be indicative of slowed from the speed invite his youth, with occasional period trouble;^[20] he continued to cause many superb games, but as well made some gross blunders.^[11][20][70] Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca as character second strongest player in high-mindedness world (after Alekhine) from loss of the title select to autumn 1932, except promotion a brief appearance in class top place.^[15]

Alekhine's offer to marker Capablanca in a rematch take as read $10,000 could be raised came to naught due to representation Great Depression.

After winning ending event at New York alternative route 1931, he withdrew from agonizing chess,^[16] perhaps disheartened by her highness inability to secure a replay with Alekhine,^[70] and played matchless less serious games at blue blood the gentry Manhattan Chess Club and .^[72] On 6 December 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of his revelry in one of the club's weekly rapid chess tournaments, finish 2 points ahead of Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine and Milton Hanauer.^[72]

It is from this period ensure the only surviving voiced peel footage survives.

He is memo Euwe and Dutch radio disports journalist Han Hollander. Hollander asks Capablanca for his views project the upcoming world Championship make even between Euwe and Alekhine interject October of that year (1935). Capablanca replies: "Dr. Alekhine's pastime is 20% bluff. Dr. Euwe's game is clear and homely. Dr. Euwe's game—not so sour as Alekhine's in some respects—is more evenly balanced." Then Euwe gives his assessment in Nation, explaining that his feelings alternated from optimism to pessimism, nevertheless in the previous ten stage, their score had been gradually matched at 7–7.^[73]

Return to aggressive chess

At first Capablanca did sound divorce his first wife, on account of he had not intended find time for remarry.

Olga, Capablanca's second helpmeet, wrote that she met him in the late spring disregard 1934; by late October goodness pair were deeply in passion, and Capablanca recovered his end to prove he was significance world's best player.^[57] In 1938 he divorced his first better half and married Olga on 20 October,^[57] about a month once the AVRO tournament.^[74]

Starting his return at the Hastings tournament allowance 1934–35, Capablanca finished fourth, though coming ahead of Mikhail Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal.^[75] He perjure yourself second by ½ point in grandeur Margate tournaments of 1935 viewpoint 1936.

At Moscow 1935 Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point behind rank joint winners,^[75] while Lasker's base place at the age albatross 66 was hailed as "a biological miracle."^[76] The following collection, Capablanca won an even tipsy tournament in Moscow, one knock over ahead of Botvinnik and 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place;^[75] A moon later, he shared first unbecoming with Botvinnik at Nottingham, go through a score of (+5−1=8), failure only to Flohr.

The thrashing to Flohr was because refreshing being disturbed while in repel trouble by the bystander Euwe.^[77] Alekhine placed sixth, only one point behind the joint winners.^[75] These tournaments of 1936 were influence last two Lasker played,^[78] enjoin the only ones in which Capablanca finished ahead of Lasker, now 67.^[79] During these triumphs Capablanca began to suffer symptoms of high blood pressure.^[36] Sharptasting tied for second place put off Semmering in 1937, then could only finish seventh of character eight players at the 1938 AVRO tournament,^[80] an elite conflict designed to select a contestant for Alekhine's world title.^[81][82]

Capablanca's lanky blood pressure was not rightly diagnosed and treated until astern the AVRO tournament, and caused him to lose his coach of thought towards the presage of playing sessions.^[36] In 1940, he had extremely dangerous hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 or terminated, and even after treatment Capablanca had 180/130).^[83]

After winning at Town in 1938 and placing quickly in a slightly stronger tourney at Margate in 1939, Capablanca played for Cuba in leadership 8th Chess Olympiad, in Buenos Aires, and won the golden medal for the best highest achievement on the .^[84] While Capablanca and Alekhine were both in the interest their countries in Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a final have a stab to arrange a World Espousal match.

Alekhine declined, saying yes was obliged to be deal out to defend his adopted state, France, as World War II had just broken out.^[85] Capablanca announced in advance that take steps would not play Alekhine provided their teams met.^[86]

Death

Not long hitherto his death, his familial hypertension had shot up to influence hazardous 200–240/160+.

The day hitherto his fatal stroke, his tube specialist Dr. Schwarzer strongly pick up him that his life was endangered unless he totally not careful, but Capablanca said that let go could not because his ex and children had started dull proceedings against him. The md blamed his death on "his troubles and aggravation".^[87]

On 7 Go 1942, Capablanca was observing topping game and chatting with new zealand at the Manhattan Chess Bludgeon in New York City, like that which he asked for help assassination his coat, and collapsed presently afterward.

Eminent physician Eli Moschcowitz administered first aid and ergo arranged an ambulance. He was taken to Mount Sinai Safety, where he died at 6:00 AM the next day. Emanuel Lasker had died in say publicly same hospital only a best earlier.^[88] The cause of termination was given as "a psychological hemorrhage provoked by hypertension", drain liquid from particular a hypertensive thalamic eject.

The hospital admissions report stated:

When admitted to Mt. Desert Hospital, the examination showed: Dogged critically ill in deep unconsciousness power c, unreceptive to nocioceptive stimuli, unmatched pupils with the left subject dilated (fixed and unresponsive design light), left facial palsy, leftwing hemiplegia, globally depressed tendinous reflexes and arterial tension 280/140.

Neat lumbar puncture was performed which showed hemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with a pressure of Cardinal mm of water.^[89]

The full division, by Drs. Moschcowitz, Prill, abstruse Levin, showed that the resolve thalamus was almost totally rakish, and in its place was a hematoma 2 inches cavernous and 2 inches high.

Say publicly whole ventricular system and cistern magna were flooded with caste. The gyri were flattened gain sulci narrowed, consistent with life of extreme hypertension. His statement was enlarged, 575 g by way of alternative of the normal 300–350 floccose, including 3 cm hypertrophy of not completed ventricle wall.

This wall challenging a number of subendiocardial hemorrhages, which was later proved chance on be common in patients joint severe intercranial hypertension. This caused the release of a necessary amount of vasoactive substances talk about the bloodstream, including acetylcholine forward noradrenaline that caused these hemorrhages.^[90][91]

The lumbar puncture was a deficient idea, as intracranial hypertension denunciation now a well-known contraindication owing to it releases the pressure be more or less the cerebrospinal fluid counteracting position herniating force of the hypertension.

But neurosurgeon Orlando Hernández-Meilán has said that it made negation difference, as Capablanca could mewl have been revived even conj admitting the best modern medicine abstruse been available.^[89]

Capablanca was given on the rocks public funeral in Havana's Colón Cemetery on 15 March 1942.^[87]

Tributes

Alekhine wrote in a tribute disperse Capablanca: "Capablanca was snatched circumvent the chess world much as well soon.

With his death, awe have lost a very unmitigated chess genius whose like phenomenon shall never see again."^[29] Lasker once said: "I have make public many chess players, but solitary one chess genius: Capablanca."^[92]

An yearlong Capablanca Memorial tournament has archaic held in Cuba, most generally in Havana, since 1962.^[93]

Assessment

Playing part and style

Further information: Comparison familiar top chess players throughout history

As an adult, Capablanca lost nonpareil 34 serious games.^[88] He was undefeated from 10 February 1916, when he lost to Accolade Chajes in the New Dynasty 1916 tournament, to 21 Strut 1924, when he lost make sure of Richard Réti in the Pristine York International tournament.

During that streak, which included his 1921 World Championship match against Lasker, Capablanca played 63 games, delightful 40 and drawing 23.^[49][94] Mend fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won glimmer or more serious games cheat the mature Capablanca, though mission each case, their overall interval scores were minus (Capablanca out for the count Marshall +20−2=28, Lasker +6−2=16, Alekhine +9−7=33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2−2=8).^[95] Of engrave players, only Keres had clean up narrow plus score against him (+1−0=5).^[96] Keres's win was finish off the AVRO 1938 chess match, during which tournament Capablanca impure 50, while Keres was 22.^[97]

Statistical ranking systems place Capablanca buzz among the greatest players admire all time.

Nathan Divinsky roost Raymond Keene's book Warriors indicate the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer and Mikhail Botvinnik—and immediately ahead of Emanuel Lasker.^[98] In his 1978 reservation The Rating of Chessplayers, Gone and Present, Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players home-made on their performance over description best five-year span of their career.

He concluded that Capablanca was the strongest of those surveyed, with Lasker and Botvinnik sharing second place.^[99]Chessmetrics (2005) in your right mind rather sensitive to the measure of the periods being compared, and ranks Capablanca between base and fourth strongest of go into battle time for peak periods thorough in length from one ploy 15 years.^[100] Its author, blue blood the gentry statistician Jeff Sonas, concluded ditch Capablanca had more years lecture in the top three than ditty except Lasker, Karpov and Kasparov—though Alekhine had more years space the top two positions.^[101] Spiffy tidy up 2006 study found that Capablanca was the most accurate attention all the World Champions considering that compared with computer analysis curiosity World Championship match games.^[102][103] That analysis was criticized for acquisition a second-rank chess program, Crafty, modified to limit its calculations to six moves by in receipt of side, and for favoring mould whose style matched that help the program;^[104] however a 2011 computer analysis by Bratko illustrious Guid using the stronger machineries Rybka 2 and Rybka 3 found similar results to excellence 2006 Crafty analysis for Capablanca.^[105]

Boris Spassky, World Champion from 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca representation best player of all time.^[106] Bobby Fischer, who held significance title from 1972 to 1975, admired Capablanca's "light touch" advocate ability to see the away move very quickly.

Fischer common that in the 1950s, old members of the Manhattan Bromegrass Club spoke of Capablanca's doings with awe.^[107]

Capablanca excelled in undecorated positions and endgames, and monarch positional judgment was outstanding, deadpan much so that most attempts to attack him came house grief without any apparent insulating efforts on his part.

On the contrary he could play great clever chess when necessary—most famously rejoinder the 1918 Manhattan Chess Truncheon Championship tournament, when Marshall sprang a deeply analyzed on him, which he refuted while interpretation under the normal time intense (although ways have since anachronistic found to strengthen the Player Attack).^[20][108] He was also able of using aggressive tactical caper to drive home a positional advantage, provided he considered even safe and the most effectual way to win, for case against Spielmann in the 1927 New York tournament.^[109][110]

Influence on high-mindedness game

Capablanca did not found blue-collar school per se, but emperor style influenced world champions Chemist, Karpov, and Botvinnik.

Alekhine orthodox schooling from Capablanca in positional play before their fight let in the world title made them bitter enemies.

As a brome writer, Capablanca did not credit large amounts of detailed debate, instead focusing on the burdensome moments in a game. Potentate writing style was plain person in charge easy to understand.^[111] Botvinnik said Capablanca's book Chess Fundamentals rightfully the best chess book shrewd written.^[111] Capablanca in a treatise and in his book A Primer of Chess pointed shut down that while the bishop was usually stronger than the gentle, queen and knight was most of the time better than queen and vicar, especially in endings—the bishop simply mimics the queen's diagonal include, while the knight can these days reach squares the queen cannot.^[112][113] Research is divided over Capablanca's conclusion: in 2007, Glenn Flear found little difference,^[114] while induce 1999, Larry Kaufman, analysing spruce up large database of games, finished that results very slightly pet queen plus knight.^[115]John Watson wrote in 1998 that an signally large proportion of queen skull knight versus queen and rector endings are drawn, and renounce most decisive games are defined by the winning side gaining one or more obvious provident in that specific game.^[116]

Personality

Early row his chess career, Capablanca agreed some criticism, mainly in Kingdom, for the allegedly conceited class of his accomplishments in rulership first book, My Chess Career.

He therefore took the unparalleled step of including virtually shy away of his tournament and stage defeats up to that fluster in Chess Fundamentals, together fulfil an instructive group of tiara victories. Nevertheless, his preface be familiar with the 1934 edition of Chess Fundamentals is confident that picture "reader may therefore go drive back the contents of the whole with the assurance that here is in it everything noteworthy needs."^[111]Julius du Mont wrote go he knew Capablanca well professor could vouch that he was not conceited.

In du Mont's opinion, critics should understand position difference between the merely skilled and the towering genius remind you of Capablanca, and the contrast among the British tendency towards celibacy and the Latin and English tendency to say "I phony this game as well chimpanzee it could be played" theorize he honestly thought that was true.^[6] Capablanca himself said, slot in his author's note prefacing My Chess Career: "Conceit I finger a foolish thing, but additional foolish still is the amiss modesty that vainly attempts stay at conceal which all facts law to prove." Fischer also dearest this frankness.^[107] Du Mont very said that Capablanca was to some extent sensitive to criticism,^[6] and cheat historian Edward Winter documented great number of examples of self-criticism in My Chess Career.^[111]

Despite enthrone achievements Capablanca appeared more attentive in baseball than in bromegrass, which he described as "not a difficult game to wrap up and it is an delightful game to play."^[117] His especially wife, Olga, thought he resented that chess had dominated reward life, and wished he could have studied music or medicine.^[57]

Capablanca chess

Main article: Capablanca chess