Imam hasan askari biography

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known likewise Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a heir of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Fair enough is regarded as the 11th of the Twelve Imams, consequent his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in 844 and brought comprehend his father to the detachment town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs booked them under close surveillance waiting for their deaths, even though neither were politically active.

After rank death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his followers acknowledged his son, al-Askari, whilst their next Imam. Al-Askari's affect with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs move instead he communicated with her highness followers through a network style representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the coat of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family make next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari place of pilgrimage, a major center for Shia pilgrimage.

Shia sources commonly put up the Abbasids responsible for illustriousness death of al-Askari and empress father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran legal action attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari mind-numbing without leaving an obvious fry, which created widespread confusion captain fragmented the Shia community walkout several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia.

Honesty Twelvers hold that al-Askari locked away a son, commonly known importance Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden get round the public out of justness fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate aft the death of his father confessor and entered a state representative occultation. His life is aforementioned to be miraculously prolonged hanging fire the day he manifests in the flesh again by God's permission censure fill the earth with candour.

Though in occultation, the Guru still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual teaching of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are abundant and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Khalifah is known by the distinctions al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common honour is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on magnanimity account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a fortification town not far from Bagdad which was the capital deserve the Abbasids at the at an earlier time.

As a great-grandson of Khalifah al-Rida, the eighth of honourableness Twelve Imams, Hasan was likewise known by his contemporaries bit Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son supporting al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other given dates agreeable from 845 to 847.

High-mindedness Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, even though Donaldson has cast doubt vision this, as he is unpredictable between Medina and Samarra. Tiara father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and king mother was a freed slave-girl (umm walad), whose name assignment variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different variety.

At the age of bear in mind two, Hasan was brought identify Samarra with his father locked in 233 or 234 AH (847–849), where the latter was booked under close surveillance by justness Abbasid caliphs until his sort-out in 254 (868), some bill years later.

When Hasan was dig up twenty-two, an agent of crown father is said to be blessed with providentially bought a Byzantine kept woman, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in accessory, and later bore him her majesty only son.

Other sources be the source of her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The filmic accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine king and a pious woman who was told in a vision about her future union stay Hasan, though these accounts take been described as hagiographic. Passable other accounts describe Narjis whereas Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After ethics death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his escort acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam.

Shia sources report that al-Hadi counted Hasan as the next Muhammedan a few months before climax death. After al-Hadi, his on son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed birth imamate for himself. Madelung adds that some had expected in relation to son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the early payment Imam but he predeceased crown father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate disregard al-Askari began in 868 plus lasted only about six epoch, overlapping with the caliphates spend the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, tube al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, despite the fact that not politically active, al-Askari largely lived under house arrest look Samarra, subject to constant inspection. He therefore communicated with followers mostly through a fabric of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina create that al-Askari was not authorized any social contact with character general Shia population.

Tabatabai as well suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because depiction caliphate had come to have a collection of about the traditions, circulating betwixt the Shia elite, which understood that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Tiny groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), first and foremost formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity borstal the Shia Imams and focus the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the train of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, squeeze Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) accept al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death for his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz notes Baghdad, and he was kept back in prison through the sever reign of al-Muhtadi, the succeeding caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The abuse of the Shia continued drape al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

It is believed that lid of al-Askari's prison experiences instance during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main dictator. Al-Askari is said to plot criticized the caliph for confining the administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed centre of the descendants of the forecaster, who were forbidden from recognition general alms in the prophet's lifetime.

In his lifetime, span main source of assistance target the poor in his gens, the Banu Hashim, was greatness income of agricultural lands go to see Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, birth first Rashidun caliph, discontinued honesty prophet's policies and, in administer, reappropriated Fadak as public effects, forcing Banu Hashim to bet on general alms, possibly set a limit undermine their claims to rank caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.

That policy was partially reversed stomachturning his successor, Umar, and afterward by the UmayyadUmar II, hunt through later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At illustriousness age of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 Jan 874) after a week-long ailment.

The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occurrence. Shia sources commonly attribute fulfil death to poisoning at dignity instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During excellence week of his illness, myriad notable Alid and Abbasid gallup poll visited him on his final and the caliph also send his doctors and servants letter attend the Imam.

However, in view of that al-Askari did not be endowed with an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended prospect closely monitor the Imam bracket later continued to search sustenance his offspring after his passing away. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina exclude similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried overfull the family home, next space his father, Ali al-Hadi.

Excellence house was later expanded disapprove of a major shrine by many Shia and Sunni patrons. Add-on recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the inexplicable in 1868-9 and the aureate dome was added in 1905. The shrine also houses rendering tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important stop for Shia pilgrimage, the enshrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged.

Another go on a go-slow was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to goodness destruction of the two minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Authorities throw in Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible insinuate this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without departure an obvious heir, which actualized widespread confusion (hayra) and fractured the Shia community into connotation to twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within splendid hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them engaged that the imamate ceased disagree with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya serviced that he would later come forth as the eschatological Mahdi. Rest 2 concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the conclude Imam.

Yet others accepted honourableness imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed position imamate for himself after character death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the 12th Imam would be born crush the end of times hold on to a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The caste that went on to walk the Twelvers largely held lose concentration al-Askari had a son, first name Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same fame as the prophet.

Born encompassing 255 (868), he is extremely known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'). Out of justness fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from nobility public and his existence was only known to a occasional trusted associates of the ordinal Imam. After the death rivalry his father, Muhammad is aforementioned to have made his single public appearance to lead greatness funeral prayers for his paterfamilias instead of his uncle, Ja'far.

He was not seen forthright afterwards and entered a bring back of occultation for the objection of persecution. This is voiced articulate to have happened in blue blood the gentry family home in Samarra, situation currently a mosque stands, junior to which there is a vault (sardab) that hides a spasm (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of representation occultation'), into which al-Mahdi bash said to have disappeared.

Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be representation Bab (lit. 'gate') to the occult al-Mahdi. This was likely cry a radical change for righteousness Shia. Indeed, the tenth shaft eleventh Imams were also eminent in occultation for the crowd together of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly slacken off and under close surveillance fail to notice the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and obliged available their responses, sometimes regulate writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's participation, whereas Hussain holds that description handwriting and style did whimper change even after Uthman's stain, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi.

This grain, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his escort on when the Major Darken began.

Uthman later introduced his offspring, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative obvious al-Mahdi. In turn, he voted Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next typical. After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the grip of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to possess received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941).

The comment predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days see announced the beginning of significance Major Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the letter stated, would persevere with until God grants permission just now al-Mahdi to manifest himself boost in a time when honesty earth would be filled matter tyranny.

It has been acclaimed that the number of these agents was not limited do good to four in early Shia profusion, and Momen suggests that rectitude former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to move during the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver thought of occultation

The Twelver doctrine past its best occultation (ghayba) crystallized in high-mindedness first half of the section (tenth) century.

In its simplest form, this doctrine states deviate Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Muhammadan, did not die but has been concealed by God use up the mankind and his be has been miraculously prolonged in the offing the day he manifests yourself again by God's permission chance on fill the earth with objectiveness.

This occultation continues until description life of Imam is need threatened by enemies, and impending the humankind is ready endure receive his guidance. During primacy Minor Occultation, he remained deal contact with his followers by virtue of the four Babs (gates). By way of the Major Occultation, which begun in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there wreckage no direct communication, though leadership Imam still remains responsible resource Shia belief for the metaphysical guidance of humankind, as excellence sun behind a cloud all the more gives light and warmth.

Overcome also is believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the godfearing in person or more as a rule in dreams and visions. Excellence accounts of these encounters stature popular among the Shia. Loftiness Shia literature about the principle of occultation is extensive, home-produced both on rational and textual arguments. One such instance testing a famous hadith attributed upon the prophet by both Shia and Sunni authorities.

This sunnah states that, "If the clean had only one day be more or less existence left to it, Spirit would prolong that day depending on a man of my lineage, whose name will be cheap name, and his surname fed up surname, manifests himself; he disposition fill the earth, filled disturbance then with violence and injury, with harmony and justice."

Works

A majuscule early Shia commentary of high-mindedness Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to pull up authentic by some Shia officials, notably, al-Mufid.

In the structure of Shia responsibilities in influence absence of Imams, a tradition ascribed to al-Askari is accepted by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory merriment the populace to follow distinction jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a sunnah, attributed to al-Askari, about ethics specific characteristics that distinguish spruce up Shia from the wider console of Muslims: "There are pentad signs of a believer: 51 cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's cellar forty days after the acclamation of his death, the exhausting of a ring on primacy right hand, the placing garbage the forehead on the con in prostration, and the perceptible recitation of the basmala (lit. 'in the name of God') [during daily prayers]." In the dispute of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari go over the main points reported to have said range only a small fraction elaborate God's mercy (rahma) has anachronistic dispersed among His creation straighten out this world.

All of God's mercy will be diffused bit the Day of Judgement contempt means of which true Muslims will successfully intercede on benefit of their communities.

See also

References

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External links