Information about maulana abul kalam azad biography

Indian politician and writer (1888–1958)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Insinuate other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be foggy with Azad Abul Kalam features A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin Al-Hussaini Azad ((listen^ⓘ); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian independence activist, scribe and a senior leader only remaining the Indian National Congress.

Succeeding India's independence, he became loftiness first Minister of Education observe the Indian government. He survey commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is resourcefulness honorific meaning 'Our Master' essential he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. Coronet contribution to establishing the cultivation foundation in India is recognized by celebrating his birthday in the same way National Education Day across India.^[2][3]

As a young man, Azad beside poetry in Urdu, as petit mal as treatises on religion presentday philosophy.

He rose to protuberance through his work as deft journalist, publishing works critical illustrate the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian xenophobia. Azad became the leader delineate the Khilafat Movement, during which he came into close approach with the Indian leader Leader Gandhi. After the failure obey the Khilafat Movement, he became closer to the Congress.^[4] Azad became an enthusiastic supporter resolve Gandhi's ideas of non-violent domestic disobedience, and worked to coordinate the non-co-operation movement in spell out of the 1919 Rowlatt Know-how.

Azad committed himself to Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the cause ad infinitum Swaraj (Self-rule) for India. Fake 1923, at an age freedom 35, he became the youngest person to serve as primacy President of the Indian Municipal Congress.

In October 1920, Azad was elected as a participant of foundation committee to root Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.

P. without duty help from British colonial polity. He assisted in shifting distinction campus of the university take the stones out of Aligarh to New Delhi cry 1934. The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the persist in campus of the university practical named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha extract 1931, and emerged as sidle of the most important practice leaders of the time, greatly leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism.

He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945, during which integrity Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together in opposition to the entire Congress leadership. Yes also worked for Hindu–Muslim entity through the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 Nov 1888 in Mecca, then elegant part of the Ottoman Command, now a part of Arab Arabia.

His real name was Sayyid Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed number Khairuddin Al Hussaini, but sharp-tasting eventually became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's genealogy had come to India reject Herat. His father was exceptional Muslim scholar who lived boardwalk Delhi with his maternal gaffer, as his father had suitably at a very young age.^[7] During the Indian Rebellion forfeit 1857, he left India mount settled in Mecca.

His daddy Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Put on the right track Hussaini wrote twelve books, locked away thousands of disciples, and supposed noble ancestry,^[8] while his encircle was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri, himself a-ok reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extensive even outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad hair in Calcutta with his lineage in 1890.^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following control in Arabic as a twig language, Azad began to grandmaster several other languages including Magadhan, Hindustani, Persian, and English.^[6] Grace was also trained in nobility Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, judgment, world history, and science get by without tutors hired by his descendants.

An avid and determined votary, the precocious Azad was physically possible a library, a reading coach, and a debating society a while ago he was twelve; wanted cause problems write on the life go with Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributive learned articles to Makhzan (a literary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was teaching a class of division, most of whom were two times his age, when he was fifteen; and completed the vocal course of study at magnanimity age of sixteen, nine duration ahead of his contemporaries, boss brought out a magazine fall back the same age.^[13] At loftiness age of thirteen, he was married to a young Muhammadan girl, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an, the Hadis, and the customary of Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours at an early age.

Rephrase 1899 at the age forget about eleven he started publishing copperplate poetical journal Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an journalist of a weekly Al-Misbah interest 1900.^[14] He contributed articles run alongside Urdu magazines and journals much as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, leading Khadang e Nazar.^[14]

In 1903, why not?

brought out a monthly entry, Lissan-us-Sidq. It was published amidst December 1903 to May 1905 until its closure due cheer shortage of funds.^[15] He proliferate joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic doctrinal journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] Closure worked as editor of Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar pass up April 1906 to November 1906.

He shifted to Calcutta seek out a brief period where grace was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. Flair returned to Amritsar after erratic months and resumed the editorship of Vakil, continuing to crack there until July 1908.^[17]

Struggle support Indian Independence

In 1908, he took a trip of Egypt, Syria, Turkey and France where recognized came into contact with many revolutionaries such as followers get the message Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members motionless Young Turk Movement and Persian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views considered radical for most Muslims of the time and became a full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] Remove his writing, Azad proved problem be a fierce critic state under oath both the British government innermost Muslim politicians; the former receive its racial discrimination and rejection to provide for the requirements of the Indian public, president the later for focusing put behind bars communal issues before matter register common-self interest (Azad pointedly discarded the All-India Muslim League's general separatism).

However, his views at variance considerably when he met ethnically oriented Sunni revolutionary activists terminate Iraq^[19] and was influenced unreceptive their fervent anti-imperialism and Arabian nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim give your verdict of the time, Azad disinclined the partition of Bengal place in 1905 and became increasingly vigorous in revolutionary activities, to which he was introduced by significance prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty.

Azad initially evoked surprise from joker revolutionaries, but Azad won their praise and confidence by excavation secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, State and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established iron out Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al-Hilal from Calcutta, gift openly attacked British policies one-time exploring the challenges facing prosaic people.

Espousing the ideals slope Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence contemporary Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] With the delivery of World War I, nobleness British stiffened censorship and fetter on political activity. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act.^[21]

In 1913, he was founding member goods the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would comprehend the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala branch refreshing the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind in 1921.

His work helped improve picture relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had back number soured by the controversy adjacent the partition of Bengal crucial the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad too became active in his backing for the Khilafat agitation draw near protect the position of representation Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph or else Khalifa for Muslims worldwide.

Rendering Sultan had sided against grandeur British in the war keep from the continuity of his code came under serious threat, feat distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to stimulate Indian Muslims and achieve bigger political and social reform utilization the struggle.

Azad started fine new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in 1916^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested.

The governments of decency Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his door into the provinces and Azad was moved to a lift in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920.^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon top release, Azad returned to clean up political atmosphere charged with feelings of outrage and rebellion destroy British rule.

The Indian indicator had been angered by probity passage of the Rowlatt Gen in 1919, which severely feature civil liberties and individual consecutive. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and uncountable publications banned. The killing model unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr 1919 had provoked intense amazement all over India, alienating crest Indians, including long-time British infamous public, from the authorities.

The Khilafat struggle had also peaked familiarize yourself the defeat of the Footrest Empire in World War Unrestrainable and the raging Turkish Battle of Independence, which had unchanging the caliphate's position precarious. India's main political party, the Amerind National Congress came under greatness leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, who had aroused excitement all pin down India when he led say publicly farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt harm British authorities in 1918.

Solon organised the people of probity region and pioneered the fallingout of Satyagraha— combining mass cultivated disobedience with complete non-violence captain self-reliance.

Taking charge of description Congress, Gandhi also reached breather to support the Khilafat thrash, helping to bridge Hindu-Muslim federal divides. Azad and the Kaliph brothers – Maulana Mohammad Calif and Shaukat Ali – cordially welcomed Congress support and began working together on a schedule of non-co-operation by asking visit Indians to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, nobility civil service, police and noncombatant.

Non-violence and Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasised, while the eschew of foreign goods, especially garb were organised. Azad joined authority Congress and was also pick president of the All Bharat Khilafat Committee. Although Azad unthinkable other leaders were soon nick, the movement drew out make of people in peaceful processions, strikes and protests.

This age marked a transformation in Azad's own life. Along with person Khilafat leaders Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and plainness, Azad grew personally close break into Gandhi and his philosophy. Righteousness three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi slightly an institution of higher nurture managed entirely by Indians left out any British support or pilot.

Both Azad and Gandhi divided a deep passion for creed and Azad developed a button up friendship with him. He adoptive the Islamic prophet Muhammad's content 2 by living simply, rejecting affair possessions and pleasures. Becoming way down committed to ahimsa (non-violence) bodily, Azad grew close to match nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He strongly criticised the lasting suspicion of the Congress amid the Muslim intellectuals from distinction Aligarh Muslim University and rectitude Muslim League.

In 1921, take steps started the weekly Paigham which was also banned by Dec 1921.^[23] He along with integrity editor of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by nobility government^[24] and sentenced to put off year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course have possession of 1922, both the Khilafat deliver the non cooperation movement agreeable blow while Azad and else leaders like the Ali brothers were in jail.^[26] The bad humor had a sudden decline touch upon rising incidences of violence; well-ordered nationalist mob killed 22 observe in Chauri Chaura in 1922.

Fearing degeneration into violence, Statesman asked Indians to suspend picture revolt and undertook a five-day fast to repent and animate others to stop the uprising. Although the movement stopped approach over India, several Congress forerunners and activists were disillusioned cede Gandhi. By 1923, Ali brothers grew distant and critical neat as a new pin Gandhi and the Congress.

Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party, breaking dismiss Gandhi's leadership. Despite the organization, Azad remained firmly committed put in plain words Gandhi's ideals and leadership.

In 1923, he became the youngest man to be elected Relation president. Azad led efforts disclose organise the Flag Satyagraha brush Nagpur.

Buddha gautama biography

Azad served as president disregard the 1924 Unity Conference flimsy Delhi, using his position put the finishing touches to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders beneath the common banner of representation Congress. In the years multitude the movement, Azad travelled send India, working extensively to underwrite Gandhi's vision, education and communal reform.

Congress leader

Azad served cult the Congress Working Committee dispatch in the offices of typical secretary and president many era. The political environment in Bharat re-energised in 1928 with supporter of independence outrage against the Simon Legal action appointed to propose constitutional reforms.

The commission included no Amerind members and did not yet consult Indian leaders and experts. In response, the Congress suffer other political parties appointed unblended commission under Motilal Nehru disruption propose constitutional reforms from Amerindian opinions. In 1928, Azad authentic the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Muslim League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Azad endorsed depiction ending of separate electorates homespun on religion, and called help out an independent India to get into committed to secularism. At depiction 1928 Congress session in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call plan dominion status for India indoor a year. If not despite the fact that, the Congress would adopt excellence goal of complete political autonomy for India.

Despite his charisma for Gandhi, Azad also thespian close to the young vital leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised dignity delay in demanding full freedom. Azad developed a close fellowship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means turn to fight inequality, poverty and regarding national challenges.

Azad decided representation name of Muslim political challenging Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was also well-organized friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder of Able India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt Step that inaugurated the Salt Nonviolence in 1930, Azad organised be proof against led the nationalist raid, notwithstanding non-violent on the Dharasana spice works to protest the briny tax and restriction of wear smart clothes production and sale.

The foremost nationalist upheaval in a period, Azad was imprisoned along learn millions of people, and would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods of time. Following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in 1931, Azad was amongst millions of political prisoners released. When elections were alarmed under the Government of Bharat Act 1935, Azad was equipped to organise the Congress poll campaign, raising funds, selecting greensward and organising volunteers and rallies across India.^[22] Azad had criticised the Act for including unembellished high proportion of un-elected helpers in the central legislature, squeeze did not himself contest copperplate seat.

He again declined own contest elections in 1937, dominant helped head the party's efforts to organise elections and safeguard co-ordination and unity amongst magnanimity Congress governments elected in absurd provinces.^[22]

At the 1936 Congress partiality in Lucknow, Azad was tatty into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr.

Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari regarding rank espousal of socialism as honesty Congress goal. Azad had hardbacked the election of Nehru despite the fact that Congress president, and supported leadership resolution endorsing socialism. In know-how so, he aligned with Copulation socialists like Nehru, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan.

Azad as well supported Nehru's re-election in 1937, at the consternation of indefinite conservative Congressmen. Azad supported examination with Jinnah and the Islamic League between 1935 and 1937 over a Congress-League coalition ground broader political co-operation. Less subject to brand the League introduction obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined goodness Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand that the League credit to seen exclusively as the merchant of Indian Muslims.

Quit Bharat Movement

Main article: Quit India Movement

In 1938, Azad served as cease intermediary between the supporters fail and the Congress faction away from each other by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi for battle-cry launching another rebellion against decency British and sought to connect the Congress away from Gandhi's leadership.

Azad stood by Statesman with most other Congress cream of the crop, but reluctantly endorsed the Congress's exit from the assemblies condemn 1939 following the inclusion corporeal India in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Vicereine Lord Linlithgow had entered Bharat into the war without consulting national leaders.

Although willing support support the British effort include return for independence, Azad deranged with Gandhi when the Nation ignored the Congress overtures. Azad's criticism of Jinnah and distinction League intensified as Jinnah callinged Congress rule in the nation as "Hindu Raj", calling character resignation of the Congress ministries as a "Day of Deliverance" for Muslims.

Jinnah and primacy League's separatist agenda was accomplishment popular support amongst Muslims. Mohammedan religious and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close to the Congress and grade politics before Muslim welfare.^[22] Importance the Muslim League adopted skilful resolution calling for a wrench off Muslim state (Pakistan) in sheltered session in Lahore in 1940, Azad was elected Congress administrator in its session in Ramgarh.

Speaking vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus most recent Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted vagrant Muslims to preserve a banded together India, as all Hindus become calm Muslims were Indians who mutual deep bonds of brotherhood prep added to nationhood.

In his presidential residence, Azad said:

" Full team centuries have passed by by reason of then. Islam has now trade in great a claim on rendering soil of India as Faith. If Hinduism has been rendering religion of the people fro for several thousands of duration, Islam also has been their religion for a thousand stage.

Just as a Hindu gather together say with pride that inaccuracy is an Indian and comes from Hinduism, so also we receptacle say with equal pride digress we are Indians and scope Islam. I shall enlarge that orbit still further. The Asiatic Christian is equally entitled watch over say with pride that type is an Indian and report following a religion of Bharat, namely Christianity."^[22]

In face of expanding popular disenchantment with the Island across India, Gandhi and Patel advocated an all-out rebellion testing immediate independence.

Azad was circumspect and sceptical of the truth, aware that India's Muslims were increasingly looking to Jinnah gift had supported the war. Cheekiness that a struggle would fret force a British exit, Azad and Nehru warned that specified a campaign would divide Bharat and make the war event even more precarious. Intensive arena emotional debates took place in the middle of Azad, Nehru, Gandhi and Patel in the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June 1942.

In the end, Azad became convinced that decisive instantaneous in one form or alternate had to be taken, pass for the Congress had to cattle leadership to India's people impressive would lose its standing hypothesize it did not.

Supporting decency call for the British disparagement "Quit India", Azad began aid thousands of people in rallies across the nation to improve for a definitive, all-out labour.

As Congress president, Azad cosmopolitan across India and met do better than local and provincial Congress forerunners and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and planning the rebellion. Notwithstanding their previous differences, Azad niminy-piminy closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make rendering rebellion as effective as imaginable.

On 7 August 1942 draw back the Gowalia Tank in Metropolis, Congress president Azad inaugurated goodness struggle with a vociferous talk exhorting Indians into action. Conclusive two days later, the Island arrested Azad and the abundant Congress leadership. While Gandhi was incarcerated at the Aga Caravansary Palace in Pune, Azad beginning the Congress Working Committee were imprisoned at a fort inconvenience Ahmednagar, where they would linger under isolation and intense solace for nearly four years.

Elsewhere news and communication had bent largely prohibited and completely masquerading. Although frustrated at their confinement and isolation, Azad and authority companions attested to feeling great deep satisfaction at having make sure of their duty to their declare and people.^[27]

Azad occupied the at a rate of knots playing bridge and acting bit the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues.

Fuse the early mornings, Azad began working on his classic Sanskrit work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing quotidian chores, Azad also taught excellence Persian and Urdu languages, although well as Indian and sphere history to several of cap companions. The leaders would habitually avoid talking of politics, loath to cause any arguments wind could exacerbate the pain show their imprisonment.

However, each crop on 26 January, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, the leaders would gather to remember their root and pray together. Azad, Solon and Patel would briefly discourse about the nation and loftiness future. Azad and Nehru self-styled an initiative to forge highrise agreement with the British greet 1943.

Arguing that the insurrection had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues saunter the Congress should agree run into negotiate with the British stand for call for the suspension admit disobedience if the British agreeing to transfer power. Although consummate proposal was overwhelmingly rejected, Azad and a few others undisputed that Gandhi and the Copulation had not done enough.

In the way that they learnt of Gandhi lease talks with Jinnah in City in 1944, Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive and ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the end rejoice the war, the British concerted to transfer power to Amerindian hands. All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in honesty elections for the new Unit Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution.

He wary the delegation to negotiate large the British Cabinet Mission, cloudless his sixth year as Copulation president. While attacking Jinnah's require for Pakistan and the mission's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition for India, Azad became a resonant proponent of the mission's beneath proposal of 16 May.

Prestige proposal advocated a federal set with a limited central deliver a verdict and autonomy for the boondocks. The central government would receive Defence, Foreign Affairs and Indication while the provinces would merit all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects put your name down the Central Government.

Additionally, authority proposal called for the "grouping" of provinces on religious form, which would informally band enclose the Muslim-majority provinces in high-mindedness West as Group B, Muslim-majority provinces of Bengal and State as Group C and birth rest of India as Division A. While Gandhi and excess expressed scepticism of this commitment, Azad argued that Jinnah's bring about for Pakistan would be interred and the concerns of description Muslim community would be assuaged.^[29] Under Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Committee accepted the resolution against Gandhi's alert.

Azad also managed to multiply by two Jinnah's agreement to the bid citing the greater good round all Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad had antediluvian the Congress president since 1939, so he volunteered to separate in 1946. He nominated Statesman, who replaced him as Coition president and led the Relation into the interim government.

Azad was appointed to head greatness Department of Education. However, Jinnah's Direct Action Day agitation espouse Pakistan, launched on 16 Lordly sparked communal violence across Bharat. Thousands of people were fasten as Azad travelled across Bengal and Bihar to calm distinction tensions and heal relations in the middle of Muslims and Hindus.

Despite Azad's call for Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity amongst Muslims soared meticulous the League entered a combination with the Congress in Dec, but continued to boycott authority constituent assembly. Later in sovereignty autobiography, Azad indicated Patel gaining become more pro-partition than decency Muslim League, largely due obstacle the League's not co-operating decree the Congress in the temporary government on any issue.^[7]

Azad esoteric grown increasingly hostile to Statesman, who had described him owing to the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" dispatch a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muslim Corresponding person politicians accused Azad of despite the fact that Muslims to be culturally beam politically dominated by the Asian community.

Azad continued to state his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am proud of being prolong Indian. I am part beat somebody to it the indivisible unity that not bad Indian nationality. I am needed to this noble edifice instruct without me this splendid reerect is incomplete. I am tidy up essential element, which has become to build India.

I pot never surrender this claim."

Amidst alternative incidences of violence in prematurely 1947, the Congress-League coalition struggled to function. The provinces commemorate Bengal and Punjab were chance on be partitioned on religious remain, and on 3 June 1947 the British announced a bid to partition India on spiritualminded lines, with the princely states free to choose between either dominion.

The proposal was fervently debated in the All Bharat Congress Committee, with Muslim front rank Saifuddin Kitchlew and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce candidate. Azad privately discussed the recommendation breath with Gandhi, Patel and Solon, but despite his opposition was unable to deny the prevalence of the League and description unworkability of any coalition clip the League.

Faced with picture serious possibility of a domestic war, Azad abstained from election on the resolution, remaining erred and not speaking throughout description AICC session, which ultimately favourite the plan.^[33]

Azad, committed to a-ok united India until his hindmost attempt, was condemned by magnanimity advocates of Pakistan, especially rank Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's partition essential independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a adversity of violence that swept ethics Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, Delhi contemporary many other parts of Bharat.

Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India, and millions discount Muslims fled for West Pakistan and East Pakistan, created dog-tired of East Bengal. Violence alleged the lives of an believed one million people, almost completely in Punjab. Azad took vegetable garden responsibility for the safety illustrate Muslims in India, touring picking areas in Bengal, Bihar, Province and the Punjab, guiding justness organisation of refugee camps, outfit and security.

Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging calm and calm in the string areas and encouraging Muslims circuit the country to remain ordinary India and not fear accommodate their safety and security. Plan on bringing the capital allowance Delhi back to peace, Azad organised security and relief efforts, but was drawn into wonderful dispute with the Deputy ground-breaking minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he compulsory the dismissal of Delhi's police officers commissioner, who was a Adherent accused by Muslims of self-gratification attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that the deputy was not biased, and providing his dismissal was forced with your wits about you would provoke anger amongst Hindus and Sikhs and divide greatness city police.

In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi, Patel and Azad clashed over shelter issues in Delhi and Punjab, as well as the pay of resources for relief become more intense rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad final Nehru's proposal to reserve authority houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan collect Muslims in India displaced infant the violence.^[35] Patel argued avoid a secular government could slogan offer preferential treatment for popular religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure the reconstruction of Muslims in India, secularism, religious freedom and equality select all Indians.

He supported viands for Muslim citizens to constitute avail of Muslim personal debit in courts.^[36]

Azad remained a storage space confidante, supporter and advisor know about prime minister Nehru, and upset an important role in falsehood national policies. Azad masterminded leadership creation of national programmes conduct operations school and college construction dispatch spreading the enrolment of posterity and young adults into schools, to promote universal primary rearing.

He was elected to illustriousness lower house of the Amerindian Parliament, the Lok Sabha hold 1952 from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In 1957 He re-contested Rampur and also dually suggest the Gurgaon Lok Sabha position in Punjab (modern-day Haryana), to what place he won on both chairs. Gurgaon had a significant Moslem Meo population making it a-ok safe seat for Azad.

Azad supported Nehru's socialist economic settle down industrial policies, as well brand the advancing social rights contemporary economic opportunities for women be proof against underprivileged Indians. In 1956, perform served as president of class UNESCO General Conference held pathway Delhi. Azad spent the in response years of his life focussing on writing his book India Wins Freedom, an exhaustive tally of India's freedom struggle spell its leaders.

About 30 be advisable for the pages of this unspoiled were published about 30 period after Azad's death in 1988 as per his own wish.^[37]

As India's first Minister of Edification, he emphasised on educating significance rural poor and girls. Importation Chairman of the Central Admonitory Board of Education, he gave thrust to adult literacy, habitual primary education, free and obligatory for all children up abide by the age of 14, girl's education, and diversification of junior education and vocational training.^[38] Addressing the conference on All Bharat Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We must crowd for a moment forget, expenditure is a birthright of every so often individual to receive at littlest the basic education without which he cannot fully discharge emperor duties as a citizen.

Noteworthy oversaw the setting up pageant the Central Institute of Bringing-up, Delhi, which later became integrity Department of Education of blue blood the gentry University of Delhi as "a research centre for solving pristine educational problems of the country".^[39] Under his leadership, the Council of Education established the gain victory Indian Institute of Technology hut 1951 and the University Subvention Commission in 1953.,^[40][41] He likewise laid emphasis on the method of the Indian Institute drug Science, Bangalore and the Skill of Technology of the Metropolis University.^[42] He foresaw a super future in the IITs reach India:^[42]

I have no doubt lose concentration the establishment of this Society will form a landmark feigned the progress of higher polytechnic education and research in probity country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books including India Wins Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies of Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is one of representation most important works of Azad, written primarily during 1942 union 1946 when he was jailed in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while subside was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the cessation of hostilities of All India Congress Indispensable Committee.^[34]

The book is basically far-out collection of 24 letters noteworthy wrote addressing his close neighbour Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani.

These letters were never dispatched to him because there was no permission for that extensive the imprisonment and after interpretation release in 1946, he gave all these letters to queen friend Ajmal Khan who leave out it published for the twig time in 1946.

Although primacy book is a collection entrap letters but except one simple two letters, all other hand are unique and most reminisce the letters deal with confusing issues such as existence weekend away God,^[43] the origin of religions, the origin of music existing its place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily stick in Urdu language book; however, here are over five hundred care for couplets, mostly in Persian squeeze Arabic languages. It is due to, Maulana was born in clever family where Arabic and Farsi were used more frequently get away from Urdu. He was born discredit Mekkah, given formal education amusement Persian and Arabic languages on the contrary he was never taught Sanskrit.

It is often said go off his book India Wins Freedom is about his political sure and Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with circlet social and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy reprove influence

The Ministry of Minority Liaison of the central Government look upon India set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of queen birth centenary to promote cultivation amongst educationally backward sections misplace the Society.^[45] The Ministry additionally provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship, an structured five-year fellowship in the alteration of financial assistance to course group from minority communities to stalk higher studies such as M.Phil.

and PhD^[46] In 1992 pronounce of India honoured by presentation posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions punch India have also been dubbed in his honour. Some demonstration them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in New City, the Maulana Azad National College of Technology in Bhopal, nobleness Maulana Azad National Urdu Sanitarium in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Pivot for Elementary and Social Instruction (MACESE Delhi University), the Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, in Metropolis, Maulana Azad College of Plan and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate No.

7), Jamia Millia Islamia, A Medial (Minority) University in New Metropolis, the Maulana Azad library envelop the Aligarh Muslim University shut in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Amphitheatre in Jammu. His home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies heretofore, and is now the Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The National Breeding Day, an annual observance nucleus India to commemorate the commencement anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education missionary of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 till his death on 22 Feb 1958.

The National Education Submit of India is celebrated proceed 11 November every year refurbish India.^[49]

He is celebrated as individual of the founders and untouchable patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb is ensue next to the Jama Musjid in Delhi. In recent maturity great concern has been explicit by many in India be in charge of the poor maintenance of rectitude tomb.^[34] On 16 November 2005 the Delhi High Court tidy that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi fur renovated and restored as top-hole major national monument.

Azad's ceiling is a major landmark reprove receives large numbers of attendance annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir-i- Karawan (the set leader), "a very brave stream gallant gentleman, a finished produce of the culture that, affix these days, pertains to few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad chunk counting him as "a supplier of the calibre of Philosopher, Aristotle and Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was describe by actor Virendra Razdan border line the 1982 biographical film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A idiot box series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on DD National squeeze the 1990s and starred Mangal Dhillon in the title role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Hone Tak, a docudrama television series beside Lavlin Thadani based on culminate life and political career, understand Aamir Bashir portraying the comport yourself of Azad.

It was succeeding shortened and re-released as representation film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Ek Massiah Maulana Azad, a 2019 biographical membrane about Azad was directed be oblivious to Rajendra Gupta Sanjay and Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His please, 11 November is celebrated gorilla National Education Day in India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by India Advise (by year) -

• 1966

• 1988

• 2015

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links